Biotechnology

PhD Notifications

2009-11-17T05:46:00.000+05:30

Institute of Life Sciences
University of Hyderabad Campus
Gachibowli
Hyderabad-500 046, India

PhD Program at ILS, Hyderabad

The Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Hyderabad has recently been recognized as an Associate Institution of University of Hyderabad, India. ILS is located in the beautiful campus of University of Hyderabad and is surrounded by world-class educational and information technology organizations. ILS conducts Industry Oriented Research in the area of

Drug Discovery and
Chemical Biology

in the broad area of human health sciences together with Fundamental Research in the fields of

Organic / Medicinal Chemistry
Biology
Co-crystal Technology
Chemical Biology
Computer-Aided Drug Discovery

ILS is initiating its PhD Scholars Program from Jan’2010. The degrees will be awarded by the University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.

ILS offers an in-house course curriculum of two semesters and the students have to complete at least 15 credits through different courses offered. The course curriculum is designed to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology towards conducting research in human health sciences with a broader understanding of the basic concepts.

Eligibility

Applications are hereby invited from motivated students with a Master’s degree in Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and biology related disciplines (Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Bioinformatics, etc.,) and who have qualified in CSIR / UGC / ICMR / DBT or any other equivalent (private / national / international / industry) fellowship.

Applications

Interested students can send their applications by email no later than the 20th November, 2009 together with their brief cover letter and Curriculum Vitae to PhD@ilsresearch.org. More details about ILS could be gathered from its website www.ilsresearch.org. All eligible Candidates will be required to attend the interview/s on the 25th and 26th November 2009.

Selection

Selection of candidates is done in a two-stage interview process both by internal and external scientific experts. Depending upon the performance in the initial interview process, the candidates would be shortlisted for the final interview, and those who clear the final interview will be enrolled for PhD Scholar program at ILS.

The preliminary interviews would be conducted on the 25th of November, 2009, and the final interview for those qualifying in the preliminary interview would be conducted on the 26th November, 2009. Results of final selection would be released on the 27th November, 2009. All students are requested to make their own arrangements (travel and stay) to attend the interview/s.

Advertisement for ILS Hyderabad PhD Admissions 2010

National institute of Technology Raipur
PhD Admission 2009-10
more info: www.nitrr.ac.in

National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS Pune)

Pune University Campus

Ganeshkhind

Pune 411 007

http://www.nccs.res.in/

Advt. No.: AC/05/2009

PhD Programme

NCCS invites applications from candidates who are bonafide Indian citizens and having consistently good academic record. Candidates should have strong motivation to pursue research in modern biology leading to a PhD. degree. The broader areas of research and the available projects with NCCS faculty could be found at their respective web pages. The list of available projects for the current session will be provided to the candidates at the time of interview.

Candidates who satisfy the following criteria only need apply:

Should have an M.Sc. degree in any area of Life Sciences and
Qualified in the CSIR/UGC/ICMR/DBT examination for Junior Research Fellowship and Fellowship should be valid as on the date of joining. (Candidates who have qualified only for Lectureship in CSIR-UGC (NET) and the "Projects list of ICMR and category 'B' of DBT examination" need not apply)

Other terms and conditions of the fellowship will be as directed by the agency awarding the fellowship. Age relaxation will be 5 years in case of SC/ST/Women/PH and 3 years in case of OBC candidates.

Those who have already availed fellowship in other organization and seeking transfer should clearly indicate so on their application.
Reservation will be as per the Government Of India guidelines.
Candidates with DBT/ICMR Fellowship will have to qualify written examination conducted by NCCS/University of Pune. Those ICMR/DBT Fellows with valid GATE score are exempted from this exam.

Applications :

Candidates who satisfy the above criteria may submit their typed applications in the prescribed format * to the Co-ordinator, Academic Cell, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, on or before 30th November, 2009. Please superscribe "Application for the Ph.D. programme" on the application form as well as on the envelope. Do not attach any certificates (original or Xerox) along with the application, however these must be produced at the time of interview failing which, they will not be interviewed. SC/ST/OBC candidates should attach attested true copy of Caste Certificate/Latest non-creamy layer certificate along with the application & originals should be produced at the time of Interview.

Personal Interviews :

All the applications will be screened and candidates found suitable will be called for Personal Interview as per the time schedule mentioned below:-

Time Schedule for Selection Procedure

1. Last date of receipt of applications at NCCS 30th November 2009

2. Date of display of short-listed candidates called for interview on our website.
07.12.2009

3. Date(s) of Interview of the short listed candidates at NCCS.
21.12.2009, 22.12.2009, 23.12.2009

4. Date of declaration of results on our website 30.12.2009

Traveling allowance will be paid to SC/ST candidates as per rules. For other candidates traveling allowance is not admissible. Candidates have to make their own arrangements for stay at Pune.

Mere fulfilling of the minimum requirements stipulated in the advertisement would not automatically entitle a candidate for selection. The decision of the Centre in this regard shall be final and binding in this regard. Canvassing in any form and/or bringing in any influence, political or otherwise, will be treated as a disqualification.

For further details or enquiry, please write to co-ordinator@nccs.res.in.

Download the Application format

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology

PhD Admission | M.Sc's can apply Online

The Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB) invites applications from individuals with strong motivation and good academic credentials to pursue research in frontier areas of modern biology leading to a Ph.D. degree in the broad interdisciplinary areas of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Disease Biology, Environmental Biotechnology and related areas.

IGIB, a premier research Institute under CSIR, has emerged as one of the leading knowledge providers in India in the area of genomics and genome informatics through generation of new knowledge in molecular medicine.

IGIB is a confluence of motivated researchers in multidisciplinary areas working synergistically in modern integrative biology.

Qualification: Master's degree holders with first division or equivalent grade in any branch of Life sciences/Chemical sciences / Biotechnology or allied subjects. M.Sc. candidates should also hold CSIR-UGC (JRF) /DBT (JRF) / ICMR-JRF (fellowship certificate should be valid as on 31 st Dec 2009, in all the cases. DBT and ICMR fellowship conditions should allow them to work under non-DBT and non-ICMR funded projects also).

Upper age limit is 28 years as on 27.11.2009, relaxable for SC/ST/OBC/ Physically handicapped persons as well as woman candidates as per Govt, of India rules in this regard.

HOW TO APPLY : Applications, available at the Institute website (www.igib.res.in), have to be duly filled in with all the required attachments and sent electronically on or before 27.11.2009.
OR Completed applications (downloadable from www.igib.res.in) can also be sent along with passport-sized photographs & e-mail address to Chairman, Ph.D. program committee, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road (near Jubilee Hall), Delhi 110 007 so as to reach on or before 27.11.2009.

SELECTION PROCEDURE : The eligible candidates fulfilling minimum requirements will be invited through email to appear for an interview to be held on 15.12.2009. The list of the candidates eligible to appear for the interview shall also be displayed on the IGIB website (www.igib.res.in) on 1st Dec 2009.

The result after the interview shall be declared on 16th Dec 2009. If number of eligible applicants exceeds 200, a written aptitude test of 1 hour duration could be conducted prior to the interview. No TA/DA shall be paid for the interview. The decision of the Admission Committee will be final and binding and no correspondence will be entertained in this regard. Canvassing in any form and/or bringing in any influence, political or otherwise, will be treated as a disqualification. Non fulfillment of the eligibility criterion shall result in cancellation of candidature at any stage of admission process. In case of eligible candidates with already activated JRF fellowships, the consent letter from appropriate authority is to be submitted at IGIB at the time of interview otherwise the candidature is liable to cancellation. The selected candidates are expected to join by 21st December 2009 (Monday).

NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY (NCL Pune)
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)
PUNE 411 008

Advertisement No. Ph.D/2/2009

Application for PhD Programme (JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOW)

National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), a premier Research Laboratory under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (http://www.csir.res.in) is engaged in world class research in chemical and related sciences. NCL (http://www.ncl-india.org) is a major knowledge based laboratory devoted to research in the following area:-

• Agricultural Biotechnology
• Artificial Intelligence
• Bioorganic Chemistry
• Catalysis
• Chaos Theory and Turbulence
• Chemistry of Materials including Nanomaterials
• Complex Fluids and Polymer Engineering
• Energy Technology
• Fluid Modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics
• Green Chemistry
• Mathematical & System Biology
• Microbial and Mammalian Cell Culture
• Molecular Host-pathogene Interactions
• Molecular Marker Technology
• Nonlinear Dynamics
• Organic Chemistry
• Plant Tissue Culture
• Polymer Science
• Process Design Modeling and Simulation
• Reaction Engineering
• Separation Science
• Structure-function and Crystallography of Biomolecules
• Theoretical Chemistry and Computational Science

NCL has an active research program leading to Ph.D. degree in all the above mentioned areas. It provides a stimulating atmosphere, which fosters creativity and encourages innovative thinking and research. Various awards including travel grant to attend conferences abroad are provided to Ph.D. students. Additional incentives will be available for interdisciplinary research.

Applications are invited from candidates who are holding M.Sc. degree or equivalent in all branches of Science and have qualified in CSIR-NET under CSIR/UGC fellowship scheme or DBT/ICMR JRF examination scheme or BioInformatics National Certification (BINC) Examination, for admission to the Ph.D. programme. Selection for admission to the Ph.D. programme will be done on the basis of an interview to he held at NCL in broad disciplines of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis, Life Sciences, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering. The number of students to be selected in each of the above disciplines will depend on the vacancies that will exist for each of the disciplines.

A candidate may choose to be considered in any three of the above disciplines. The candidates will be interviewed separately in each of the disciplines of his/her choice. Separate merit list will be prepared in each of the above disciplines.

Tenure: The selected JRFs will be eligible for a stipend of Rs.12,000/- p.m. + House Rent Allowance (HRA) as admissible under rules and a Contingency grant of Rs.20,000/- per annum. On completion of two years, JRFs could be upgraded to Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) on assessment which will enable them to get Rs.14,000/- p.m. The total tenure including the fellowship period shall not exceed 5 years.

Eligibility: The candidate should have qualified in NET examination held on June, 2009 under CSIR/UGC category or should have valid award letter under the above or should have qualified under DBT/ICMR JRF examination scheme or BioInformatics National Certification (BINC) Examination.

Application procedure and interview schedule:

Candidates who fulfill the above requirements may kindly send their applications in the prescribed proforma addressed to the Section Officer, Student Academic Office, Room No.264, 1st Floor, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, along with copies of testimonials in support of educational qualifications and CSIR-NET award letter issued by CSIR or DBT/ICMR JRF qualification letter duly superscribed “Application for Ph.D. Programme”. The proforma may be downloaded from http://www.ncl-india.org/ncljobs/managejobs.jsp.

Last date for receipt of application is Tuesday, 8th December, 2009.

The interviews will be held on 9th and 10th December 2009 at NCL in the Conference Room, 3rd Floor, Main Building. Please report at 9.00 a.m. on 9th December, 2009.

Further Info/Application form for the NCL Pune PhD Programme 2009

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY (NII Delhi)
Aruna Asaf Ali Marg

New Delhi-110 067

Admission to NII PhD Programme 2010- 2011

National Institute of Immunology (NII) invites applications for its PhD programme 2010. Cutting-edge research at the Institute encompasses broad interdisciplinary areas -

1) Chemical Biology
2) Genetics & Cell Signaling
3) Immunity & Infection
4) Molecular & Cellular Biology
5) Reproduction & Development
6) Structural & Computational Biology

Minimum qualifications for PhD:

M.Sc. in any branch of Science (e.g. Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics) or M.Tech. or M.B.B.S. or M.V.Sc. or M.Pharm. or equivalent qualification recognized by Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, is required.
First Division or equivalent grade or at least 60% of aggregate scores in all major examinations from Senior Secondary Certificate (10+2) onwards is required.
Candidates appearing for the qualifying examination this year may also apply; they will be admitted provisionally pending satisfactory fulfillment of the above requirements at the time of joining.
Reservations are as per statutory norms.

Selection procedure for PhD :

Candidates fulfilling minimum requirements will be invited for a written qualifying test at their own expenses on February 13, 2010 at any of the following four centers - Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Delhi, & Kolkata. The Institute shall try to accommodate the choice of centers indicated by the candidate. However, in case of non-availability of a seat at the centers chosen by the candidate, the candidate shall be required to appear for the written qualifying test at the centre allotted by the Institute.
The written test is aimed at evaluating abilities to comprehend, analyse and reason. Therefore, the examination is General Aptitude Test & no separate syllabus is prescribed.
The results of the written test along with the details of the interviews shall be available on the website of the Institute as well as on the Notice Board of the Institute on February 22, 2010.
Interviews will be held at National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi from June 3-6, 2010. The Interviews will be held in two stages. The candidates will be short-listed for the final interview based on their performance in the first interview. Final interview will be held in the last two days.
The selected candidates would be paid second class train fare for joining the Ph.D. programme on providing the proof of journey.
Candidates selected after the interviews will be enrolled for the Ph.D. programme of NII in academic affiliation with JNU, New Delhi.

PROCEDURE FOR SUBMISSION OF ONLINE APPLICATION

FACILITY FOR ONLINE APPLICATION SHALL BE AVAILABLE UP TO 25TH NOVEMBER 2009 BY 3.00 PM. HOWEVER THE APPLICANTS HAVE TO ENSURE THAT THE HARD COPY OF THE ONLINE RECEIPT AND ADMIT CARD FORM REACHES NII ON OR BEFORE 30TH NOVEMBER 2009.

Instructions :

Please read the following instructions carefully before starting the online registration.
Obtain a Demand Draft for Rs. 500/- (Rs. 300/- in case of SC/ST candidates, provided relevant documentary proof is enclosed) of six months validity in favour of ‘Director, National Institute of Immunology’, payable at Canara Bank, Jit Singh Marg, New Delhi.
Name of the Candidate and date of birth should be entered exactly as shown in the Senior Secondary School Certificate or equivalent.
After filling the required details in the online application form, a receipt and Admit Card form will be generated in the PDF format. The applicant has to take a hard copy printout of these receipt as well as the Admit Card form, sign on the relevant places, paste photographs, attach the following documents and send them by regular post to the address given below.

Enclosures with the admit card form & the hard copy receipt of the online application form :

Demand Draft

Two self addressed stamped (Rs. 5/-) envelopes (10 cms X 22 cms)

Two recent passport size photographs (paste one duly signed by candidate on the hard copy of the receipt and one on the admit card form).

Reservation certificate, if applicable.

The hard copy of the online receipt and admit card form along with the enclosures should be sent to ‘MANAGER (A&E), NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY, ARUNA ASAF ALI MARG, NEW DELHI-110067’ so as to reach on or BEFORE November 30, 2009. ‘Application for Ph.D. Admission-2010’ should be mentioned on the envelop.

Copies of the certificates or mark sheets SHOULD NOT BE enclosed with the hard copy of online receipt.
The online applications will be eligible for further processing only after the receipt of the signed hard copy of online receipt along with all enclosures at the institute before the closing date i.e. November 30, 2009.
After complete processing of the applications, the admit card with signature and seal of competent authority will be mailed back to the candidate.
Incomplete applications in any respect will be summarily rejected & no correspondence in this regard will be entertained. Applications received after the closing date will not be entertained on any ground including postal delays. The decisions of the Admission Committee will be final and binding and no correspondence will be entertained in this regard.

ONLINE APPLICATIONS CAN BE ENTERED BETWEEN NOVEMBER 03 TO NOVEMBER 25 (3.00 PM), 2009

Detailed Advertisement for NII Delhi PhD Admissions 2010

PROCEDURE FOR SUBMISSION OF ONLINE APPLICATION

CENTRE FOR CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY(CCMB)
HYDERABAD
NOTIFICATION FOR PhD

Applications are invited from candidates who are bonafide Indian citizens and having consistently good academic record for the PhD Programme:
Last date for receipt of filled in applications : 4 dec 2009

Download:

Complete Notification (PDF)

NISER Bhubaneswar PhD Admissions 2009 | Biological Sciences

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (NISER Bhubaneswar)
Institute of Physics Campus
P.O. Sainik School
Bhubaneswar - 751005 Orissa

Admission to PhD Program

Applications are invited from Indian citizens for admission to Ph.D. Program scheduled to commence from December 2009 in the following schools of basic sciences at NISER Bhubaneswar:

1. School of Biological Sciences
2. School of Chemical Sciences
3. School of Mathematical Sciences
4. School of Physical Sciences

Eligibility Age: Not more than 28 years on December 01, 2009 (Born on/after December 01, 1981)

Stream - Minimum Educational Qualifications

Biological Sciences 55% in Masters in any branches of Biology, life sciences and bioinformatics. People with masters in any branches of natural and computer sciences with interest in pursuing career in biology.

Chemical Sciences 55% in M. Sc. Or equivalent degree in Chemistry/Biochemistry/Material Science

Mathematical Sciences 55% in M. Sc. or equivalent degree in Mathematics

Physical Sciences 55% in M. Sc. or equivalent degree in Physics/Chemistry/
Mathematical Physics or equivalent degree in Engineering EE/ME

Candidates should have qualified the CSIR-NET/GATE/JEST/NBHM or equivalent examination valid for the current year in the relevant area of research. UGC-CSIR JRF qualified candidates can avail the fellowship directly from UGC or CSIR, whereas, students selected for Ph.D. program based on GATE/JEST scores, are eligible for financial aid (Assistantship / Scholarship) from NISER, Bhubaneswar at par with CSIR fellowship.

Selection Procedure

Candidates who meet minimum educational qualifications and satisfy additional criteria as set by the departments will be called for interview by the selection committee.

Based on the academic record and the performance of the candidates in the interview, the department selection committee will recommend candidates to the Chairman Academic Council for admission to the Ph.D. program.

How to Apply

The application form is available free of cost and can be downloaded from http://niser.ac.in/notices/2009/PhDform.pdf Else, the form can be obtained by post, or in person, from the academic section, NISER Bhubaneswar, (for postal address see below). In case of request by post, please enclose a self-addressed envelop (A4 size, 21 cm X 30 cm) affixed with postage stamps of Rs. 25/- Candidates intending to apply for more than one program should use separate application form for each program with appropriate enclosures.
 Fill-in the application form completely. Incomplete application form will be rejected. The application form can either be typed or hand-written.
 Send only attested copies of all supporting documents (mark sheets, certificates, age proof, caste certificate, etc.)
 Enclose two letters of reference.
 Enclose a demand draft of Rs. 500/‐ for candidates in General/OBC/PD and Rs. 250/‐for SC/ST payable to Administrative Officer, Academic section, NISER, payable at Bhubaneswar.
 Send the filled-in application forms with all enclosures to the address mentioned
below or scanned copies of complete application can also be e-mailed to registrar@niser.ac.in

Important dates/Mailing Address

The last date for postal requests for Application Form is 30th October 2009. Photocopies or forms downloaded from the website are also acceptable.
The filled-in application form must reach us on or before 10th November 2009.

Further Info on NISER Bhubaneswar PhD Admissions 2009 | Biological Sciences

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IIT MADRAS PhD/M.Sc Admission 2009

MS and PHD Admission - January 2010

News » Notices

MS and Ph D Admission - January 2010

Click here to view the details of the MS and Ph D Admission for January 2010

For more info visit: http://www.iitm.ac.in/msphdadmission

CENTRE FOR DNA FINGERPRINTING AND DIAGNOSTICS (CDFD)
(An autonomous Centre of the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science, Govt. of India)
Bldg. 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399 / B, Nampally
Hyderabad - 500 001 INDIA

Admission for Research Scholars Program -2009

The CDFD (Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics) Hyderabad, is a premier institute in the country, which provides services in DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics and conducts basic research in different areas of modern molecular and cellular biology.

The main themes of research at CDFD are:

Genetics
Molecular and Cellular Biology
Molecular Pathogenesis
Computational & Structural Biology

(The details are listed on our website www.cdfd.org.in).

We invite applications from highly motivated candidates, willing to take up challenges in modern biology, for admissions to our Research Scholars program. Keeping in view the interdisciplinary nature of modern biology, we especially encourage persons from diverse backgrounds to apply. Those admitted as Research Scholars would be encouraged to apply for the PhD program of Manipal University or University of Hyderabad.

Eligibility

MBBS or Masters degree in any branch of Science, Technology, or Agriculture from a recognized University / Institute. Candidates (other than MBBS graduates) must have cleared the CSIR/UGC/DBT/ICMR/ICAR NET for JRF. Those who have appeared, but are awaiting results, are also eligible to apply.

However, only those candidates will be considered who produce proof of having cleared the CSIR/UGC/DBT/ICMR/ICAR NET JRF except for M.B.B.S. Admission to CDFD-Research Scholars program is based on a 2-tier system involving a written / online examination followed by interview of candidates who have qualified the written / online examination.

CDFD is pleased to announce upto two research fellowships for the candidates with MBBS. The admission procedure will remain the same.

In the case of candidates whose JRF examination results are announced before the written / online test of CDFD takes place, and have qualified the NET with fellowship, they will be eligible to appear for the CDFD examination upon furnishing the relevant details of having cleared the JRF/NET with fellowship.

Applications may be made online through our website (www.cdfd.org.in). Applications may also be made on plain paper as per the format displayed on our website and should be sent to Admissions Co-ordinator, Academic cell, CDFD (Office Block), Bldg.-7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B Nampally, Hyderabad – 500 001. However, the preferred mode of submitting applications will be online. The last date for applications to reach CDFD is 16.11.2009. The list of eligible candidates will be displayed on our website on 30.11.2009. No individual intimation letter would be sent.

Eligible candidates will be called for written / online examination at CDFD on 13th December 2009 (Sunday). Those who qualify the written examination will be interviewed on 14th December 2009 (Monday). No TA/DA will be paid. Director, CDFD reserves the right to accept / reject any or all applications without assigning any reasons whatsoever.

Advertisement for CDFD Hyderabad PhD Admissions 2009 | Research Scholar Program II (RSP II)

Click here for ONLINE APPLICATION - CDFD Hyderabad RESEARCH SCHOLARS PROGRAM - 2009

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY
Kashmere Gate

Delhi-110403

Admission to the PhD Programme

Applications are invited for the admission to the Ph.D programmes leading to Ph.D degree of GGS Indraprastha University in the following broad area of research:

Management Studies, Information Technology, Environmental Studies, Computer Science & Engineering, Chemical Technology, Bio-Technology, Law & Legal Studies, Humanity & Social Sciences, Education, Basic & Applied Science: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Life Sciences, Nanoscience & Technology etc.

For details regarding eligibility and the selection criterion please see the link www.ipu.ac.in/norms/normordmain.htm

Post Doctoral Positions

Applications are invited for the Post Doctoral positions in the above mentioned broad areas and related areas of research. Eligibility: Ph.D in the relevant area of research supported by good quality research publications.

Some of the selected candidates may be recommended for the University Scholarship / Stipend which is Rs. 12,000/- for Ph.D Scholar and Rs. 18,000/- per month for Post Doctoral Fellows.

The interested persons may apply by 30th October (Extended) on the prescribed proforma available at University website and submit to the Joint Registrar (Academic), Administrative Block, Room No-108, GGS Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi – 110403.

Further Info/Application forms for IP University Delhi Biotech/Life Sciences PhD Admissions/Postdoc positions

IIT DELHI PhD NOTIFICATION

Applicants are encouraged to use online forms whenever feasible. Application fee is reduced by Rs. 100/- for applicants using the online form.

Admission Brochure Second Semester 2009-10 and other links

Application Forms for Admission to Ph.D./MS(R) Programme

Important Dates

Issue of application form commences on:	12.10.2009
Last date for issue of Application forms by Post:	13.11.2009
In Person:	20.11.2009
Last date for receipt of completed application forms:	20.11.2009
For candidates offered admission :
Registration:	02.01.2010
Commencement of Classes:	04.01.2010

JRF/PA Positions

2009-11-16T09:44:00.000+05:30

4 SRF posts vacant at IARI (Division of Genetics) | M.Sc's can apply

Post: Senior Research Fellows
Qualification: M. Sc. in Plant Breeding/ Genetics/ PB&G, Plant Biotechnology, Molecular Biology/ Life Sciences (Plant)
Desirable: Minimum 2 years of research experience in the field of molecular marker and working knowledge of computer.

Salary: Rs.14000 + 30% HRA shall be awarded per month.

The interview of eligible candidates for the above posts will be held on 10-12-09 at 9.30AM in the Division of the Genetics, IARI, New Delhi-110012.

Interested candidates satisfying the essential qualifications may come for the interview with a copy of the bio-data, original and attested copies of all certificates, recent copy of passport size photograph, etc. for each post. The above posts are purely temporary and will be filled on contractual basis initially for a period of one year but may be extended on year to year basis based on performance of the candidates. The candidates shall not claim for regular appointment at this institute, as the posts are co-teriminus with the respective projects. No TA/ DA will be paid for attending the interview. Only the candidates having essential qualification would be entertained for the interview.

View Original Notification

Dept. of Plant Sciences,
School of Life Sciences,

University of Hyderabad
Central University P.O.
Hyderabad – 500 046

JRF - 1 Post @ 12,000+ HRA

Qualification and Experience MSc (Plant Sciences/Microbiology/ Biotechnology/ Biochemistry/Organic chemistry).

Must have : UGC/CSIR NET OR GATE

DBT sponsored project “Mining for terpenoid molecules using purple bacteria and their bioprospecting”

Candidates interested are requested to send their applications in the prescribed form (enclosed) to the P.I. (above address) on or before 18th November 2009.

Advertisement for Hyderabad JRF Post on Purple Sulfur Bacteria

National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS)

NCCS Complex

University of Pune Campus

Ganeshkhind

Pune 411007, Maharashtra

Advertisement No. Admin P18/2009

1. Junior Research Fellow (1 Post) UR

"Membrane properties affect a trans-membrane receptor's signaling"

MSc Zoology, with research experience of one year, preferably leading to an MPhil degree.

Rs. 12000/- + 15% HRA

03 Years

Date: 1st December 2009 Time: 9:30 am at NCCS Complex

2. Senior Research Fellow (One Post) OBC

"Novel Strategies to combat Leishmaniasis"

32 Years

MSc in any specialization of Life Sciences with two years of research experience or M.Tech (Biotechnology) with one year research experience.

Rs. 14000/- + 15% HRA

03 Years

Date: 1st December 2009 Time: 9:30 am at NCCS Complex

3. Research Associate (One Post) UR

"Novel Strategies to combat Leishmaniasis"

35 Years

PhD in Leishmania infection with expertise in Immunological assays and signal transduction.

Rs. 17000/- + 15% HRA

03 Years

Date: 1st December 2009 Time: 9:30 am at NCCS Complex

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Advertisement No. Admin P17/2009

Project Assistant (One Post) SC

"Leishmania infection in new inbred mouse strains"

28 Years

MSc in any Biological Sciences with at least one year of research experience in both mouse and human Immunology.

Rs. 10000/-

05 Months

Date: 1st December 2009 Time: 9:30 am at NCCS Complex

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Advertisement No. Admin P16/2009

Junior Research Fellow (One Post) OBC

"Characterization of anti-HIV properties of Acaciaside-B abd pre-clinical studies towards its development as a potential microbicide-spermicide formulation"

28 Years

MSc in Biotechnology / Microbiology / Biochemistry or any other areas of Life Sciences with First Class.

Rs. 12000/- + 15% HRA for 1st & 2nd year & Rs.14000/- + 15% HRA for 3rd year.

03 Years

Date: 2nd December 2009 Time: 9:30 am at NCCS Complex

Advertisement

Advertisement No. Admin P15/2009

Senior Research Fellow (One Post) UR

"Dissecting the CD40L-CD40 medicated signaling pathway in HIV infection"

32 Years

MSc in Biotechnology or in any branches of Life Science with First class.

The candidate must have at least 02 years experience as JRF in Virology and molecular biology.

Preference will be given to candidates with experience or working with Human Immunodeficiency Virus immune response.

Rs. 14,000/- + 15% HRA

01 Year

Date: 04th December 2009 Time: 9:30 am at NCCS Complex

Advertisement

Advertisement No. Admin P14/2009

1. Project Assistant (Two Posts) SC-01 UR-01

"Screening for Bio-molecules from microbial diversity collected from different ecological niches"

28 Years

M.Sc. in Microbiology / Biotechnology with minimum IInd Class.

Rs. 12000/- + 15% HRA

01 Year

Date: 09th December 2009 Time: 9:30 am at NCCS Complex

2. Project Assistant (One Post) UR

"DNA Barcoding of Butterflies from Western Ghat"

28 Years

B.Sc. in Chemistry / Microbiology / Biotechnology / Biochemistry with First Class. Experience in molecular Biology Techniques desirable.

Rs. 5500/- (Fixed)

04 Months

Date: 09th December 2009 Time: 9:30 am at NCCS Complex

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Institute of Biotechnology

GBPUA&T

Patwadangar (Nainital)-263128

Uttarakhand

Applications are invited for the posts of PDF (Contractual Scientist) and JRF in the Institute of Biotechnology, G.B. Pant University of Ag. & Tech., Patwadangar (Nainital). The monthly emoluments and qualifications for the above posts are as follows:

PDF (Contractual Scientist) - 05 Posts @ Rs 18000/-

Qualification PhD (Microbiology, Biotechnology, Pathology, Biochemistry, Parasitology, Molecular Biology, Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Analytical Chemistry/Organic Chemistry or M.Pharma with 5 years experience in Phytochemistry)

Desirable Experience on Vaccine Development/Pharmaceutical R&D Programmes)

JRF - 05 Posts @ Rs 5760/- PM

Qualification B.Sc.(MLT)/M.Sc.(MLT)/Biochemistry/Organic Chemistry

Date, Time & Venue: December 3, 2009 at 10.00 AM, Office of the Campus Director, Institute of Biotechnology, Patwadangar, Distt Nainital, Uttarakhand (Patwadangar is situated on Kathgodam-Nainital road just 9 km before the Nainital. Approach road begins from Highway (Valdiakhan) to the Institute of Biotechnology, Patwadangar (2 km)).

AAdvertisement for Postdoc/JRF (10) Vacancies @ Institute of Biotechnology, GB Pant University of Ag. & Tech, Nainital

Madurai Kamaraj University
Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences,
Madurai – 625 021

Applications are invited for Junior Research Fellow (JRF) and Lab Technician positions to work in the following Cancer Genomics research projects:

JRF/Lab Technician - 5 Posts

DST Project "Molecular and cellular characterization of the therapeutic potential of PLA2G2A, a novel biomarker gene in metastatic gastric cancer"

BRNS Project "Molecular genomic characterization of microtron based
cancer therapy in an in vivo tumor model"

DBT Project "Functional genomic delineation of convolutions in Wnt
signaling pathway for gastric cancer diagnostics"

DBT Project "RNAi based functional scanning of amplified genomic
regions in gastric cancers for potential therapeutic target identification"

DAE Project "Development of drug discovery assay tools and identification of potential therapeutic compounds"

Qualifications (JRF): First class M.Sc., in any branch of life sciences with hands-on experience in molecular cell biology techniques; NET/GATE qualified candidates will be preferred. Candidates with practical experience in analysing microarray data with good knowledge in bio-statistics also will be considered. Students with strong commitment and dedication for a research career are encouraged to apply along with the consolidated mark statements, reference letter from previous/current supervisors/employers and other relevant documents.

Selected, self-motivated candidates could register for Ph.D. as per the rules and regulations of Madurai Kamaraj University.

Qualification (Lab Technician): First class M.Sc., in any branch of life sciences; Candidates with hands-on experience in molecular biology techniques, animal cell culture and working experience with mouse models will be preferred. Good knowledge in bio-statistics and computational biology are desirable.

These posts are purely temporary and interested applicants may send their bio-data (3 copies), testimonials, photocopy of the consolidated mark statement and other relevant documents to the Principal Investigator on or before 18th November 2009. In the cover & application, clearly indicate the Code Number of the position for which you are applying. Send separate application for each position that you apply.

Dr.G.Kumaresan Prof.P.Gunasekaran
(Principal Investigator) (Head & Chairperson)

Send your applications to:
Dr.G.Kumaresan
Principal Investigator
Reader, Dept of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences
School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai – 625 021

Advertisement for MKU Project Opening in Cancer Genomics research projects

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS (IIT Madras)
CHENNAI – 600 036

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOW

DST project on “Study of mechanisms of NO action on acid sensitive Ion channels” in the Department of Biotechnology.

DURATION: Initially for a period of one year.

QUALIFICATION: MSc in Science Degree with valid GATE/UGC-NET

FELLOWSHIP: Rs. 12,000/-p.m.

Application on plain paper giving name, date of birth, age, address, full details of
educational qualifications (stating the marks, ranks, year of passing), and experience etc., along with copies of certificates, should reach the following address on or before 23th November 2009.

Further Info on IIT Madras JRF Vacancy on Ion Channels

Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)
Lucknow, 226001
UP

Applications are invited from the candidates having CSIR/UGC /DBT/ICMR-JRF to pursue research in the ‘Cytoskeleton Biology of Leishmania Parasites’ under the supervision of Dr. Amogh A. Sahasrabuddhe.

Project Title: Functional characterization of actin-binding and actin-related proteins in Leishmania donovani.

Principal Investigator: Dr. Amogh A. Sahasrabuddhe

Co-Investigator(s): Dr. C.M. Gupta

Positions available: Two

Essential qualification: M.Sc. (First Division) in Life Sciences, iotechnology and Biochemistry. Preference shall be given to the students having consistently excellent academic record.
Age limit: Not exceeding 28 years as on November 1, 2009

Last date for submission of application: November 25, 2009

Interested candidates may send their CV preferably by E-mail to-

Dr. Amogh A. Sahasrabuddhe
Central Drug Research Institute
Lucknow, 226001, U.P., (India)
Phone: 9452243415
Email: asamogh71@yahoo.com, amogh_Sahasrabuddhe@cdri.res.in

Candidates screened on the basis of their CV shall be intimated to appear for an interview on December 3, 2009.

Advertisement for CDRI Lucknow JRF Openings in Actin-binding/related Proteins

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi)
Hauz Khas
New Delhi - 110 016

JRF @ Rs 12, 000 + 30% HRA

DBT Project "Development of Physio-chemical model for Eukaryotic genome analysis: Application to understanding genetic disorders via a study of functional implications of SNP data"

Essential 1st class BTech/MSc or equivalent in Biotechnology

Last date to apply 06th December 2009

Advertisement for IIT Delhi JRF Vacancy on Genome Analysis

Biological Databases and Bio-informatics

2009-10-09T18:45:00.001+05:30

Protein related databases

UniProt - the universal protein resource (including UniProtKB -Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL-, UniRef, UniParc)
Around UniProtKB - links to related databases and portals

HAMAP - Portal to microbial UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
SwissVar - Portal to human diseases and variant information in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniPathway - Metabolic pathways database
ViralZone - Portal to viral UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
HPI - Human Proteomics Initiative
PPAP - Plant Proteome Annotation Project
Tox-Prot - Toxin Annotation Project

NCBI protein resources
InterPro - Integrated Resources of Proteins Domains and Functional Sites
PROSITE - Database of protein families and domains
BLOCKS - BLOCKS db
Gene3D - Structural and Functional Annotation of Protein Families
Panther - Functional classification system
Pfam - Protein families db (HMM derived) [Mirrors at JFRC (USA), CCBB (South Korea) Institute, UK, Karolinska Institutet (Sweden)]
PIRSF - Protein classification system
PRINTS - Protein Motif fingerprint db
ProDom - Protein domain db (Automatically generated)
PROTOMAP - An automatic hierarchical classification of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL proteins
SBASE - SBASE domain db
SMART - Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool
SUPERFAMILY - Library of profile HMMs representing all proteins of known structure
STRING - Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins
TIGRFAMs - TIGR protein families db
BIND - Biomolecular Interaction Network Database
DIP - Database of Interacting Proteins
MINT - Molecular INTeraction database
HPRD - Human Protein Reference Database
IntAct
BioGRID - General Repository for Interaction Dataset
PPI - JCB Protein-Protein Interaction Website
PMD - Protein Mutant db

Protein 3D structure related databases

PDB - Protein Data Bank
PDBTM - Protein Data Bank of Transmembrane Proteins
BioMagResBank - Repository for data on proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids from NMR spectroscopy
SWISS-MODEL Repository - Automatically generated protein models db
ModBase - Db of comparative protein structure models
CATH - UCL BSM structural classification of proteins
SCOP - Structural classification of proteins [ Mirrors]
HCA - Hydrophobic Cluster Database
Molecules To Go - Molecules To Go (formerly known as Molecules R Us), browser for PDB
BMM Domain Fishing - Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory (ICRF) protein domain fishing
Relibase - Receptor/ligand complexes db [Mirror in USA]
CCDC - Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (Cambridge Stuctural Db (CSD))
HSSP - Homology-derived secondary structure of proteins db
MutaProt - Comparison of PDB files which differ by point mutations
DisProt - Database of Protein Disorder
SWISS-3DIMAGE - 3D images of proteins and other biological macromolecules
BioImage - Biological image db (contains imaging data on macromolecules)

Proteomics databases and links

Gel-based data

MIAPEGelDB - A public repository for MIAPE Gel electrophoresis documents
WORLD-2DPAGE List - Links to known 2-D PAGE database servers, as well as to 2-D PAGE related servers and services
World-2DPAGE Repository - A public standards-compliant repository for gel-based proteomics data published in the literature
The World-2DPAGE Constellation - Promote and publish gel-based proteomics data through the ExPASy server
Proteomics Links page of the Swiss Proteomics Society

Mass spectrometry data

GPMdb - Global Proteome Machine Database
OPD - Open Proteomics Database
PeptideAtlas - peptides identified in tandem mass spectrometry proteomics experiments
PRIDE - PRoteomics IDEntifications database
Tranche - Peer-to-peer distributed file system

Nucleotide and related databases

EMBL - EMBL Nucleotide sequence db (EBI)
Genbank - GenBank Nucleotide Sequence db (NCBI)
DDBJ - DNA Data Bank of Japan
dbEST - dbEST (Expressed Sequence Tags) db (NCBI)
dbSTS - dbSTS (Sequence Tagged Sites) db (NCBI)
Ensembl - Genome database for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species
UCSC Genome Browser
AsDb - Aberrant Splicing db
ACUTS - Ancient conserved untranslated DNA sequences db
Codon Usage Db
EPD - Eukaryotic Promoter db
HOVERGEN - Homologous Vertebrate Genes db
IMGT - ImMunoGeneTics db [Mirror at EBI]
RDP - Ribosomal db Project
PLACE - Plant cis-acting regulatory DNA elements db
PlantCARE - Plant cis-acting regulatory DNA elements db
smiRNAdb - Information about mammalian small RNAs
ssu rRNA - Small ribosomal subunit at the European ribosomal RNA database
lsu rRNA - Large ribosomal subunit at the European ribosomal RNA database
5S rRNA - 5S ribosomal RNA db
greengenes - 16S rRNA gene database and workbench
tmRNA Website
tmRDB - tmRNA dB
tRNA - tRNA compilation from the University of Bayreuth
RNA editing - RNA editing site
RNAmod db - RNA modification db
MPDB - Molecular probe db
VectorDB - Vector sequence db

Carbohydrates resources

FCCA - Forum Carbohydrates Coming of Age
GlycoSuiteDB - Db of glycan structures
Monosacharide browser - Space filling Fischer projection for monosaccharides
Thorkild's lectin page - Gateway to lectins

Species specific databases

Human

OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
GENATLAS - Human genes atlas
GeneTests - Medical genetics knowledge base
GeneCards - Db integrating information on human genes
GeneLoc - Integrated map of the human genome (ex- UDB)
Ensembl Human genome browser
TIGR HGI - TIGR Human Gene Index
Hs UniGene - Human transcripts in GenBank (EST clusters)
STACK - Sequence Tag Alignment and Consensus Knowledgebase (Db of consensus human ESTs)
Allgenes.org - Human predicted gene index/catalog
GenLink - Human genetics resource
GeneLynx - Portal to the human genome
HUGE - Human Unidentified Gene-Encoded large proteins cDNA (KIAA...)
CGAP - Cancer Genome Anatomy Project
MGC - Mammalian Gene Collection
SCDb - Stem cell db
Homophila - Human Disease to Drosophila gene db
Human Protein Atlas - Displays the expression and localization of proteins in a large variety of normal human tissues and cancer cells
Progenetix CGH database - Molecular Cytogenetics in Leukemia and Cancer
Chr1 at Rutgers - Human chromosome 1 at Rutgers
Chr1 at Sanger - Sanger Center chromosome 1 project
Chr1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr6 at Sanger - Sanger Center chromosome 6 project
Chr6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr9 at Sanger - Sanger Center chromosome 1 project
Chr9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr10 at Sanger - Sanger Center chromosome 10 project
Chr10 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr11 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr12 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr13 at Sanger - Sanger Center chromosome 13 project
Chr13 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr14 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr15 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr16 TIGR - Human chromosome 16 db at TIGR
Chr16 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr17 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr18 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr19 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr20 at Sanger - Sanger Center chromosome 20 project
Chr20 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr21 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
Chr22 at Sanger - Sanger Center chromosome 22 project
Chr22 at HGC - Human genome center for chromosome 22
Chr22 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
ChrX at Sanger - Sanger Center chromosome 1 project
ChrX UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
ChrY UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM
H-InvDB Database - Human gene db, with cDNA clones available from six high throughput cDNA sequencing projects
Human Chromosome1 Launchpad
Human Chromosome2 Launchpad
Human Chromosome3 Launchpad
Human Chromosome4 Launchpad
Human Chromosome5 Launchpad
Human Chromosome6 Launchpad
Human Chromosome7 Launchpad
Human Chromosome8 Launchpad
Human Chromosome9 Launchpad
Human Chromosome10 Launchpad
Human Chromosome11 Launchpad
Human Chromosome12 Launchpad
Human Chromosome13 Launchpad
Human Chromosome14 Launchpad
Human Chromosome15 Launchpad
Human Chromosome16 Launchpad
Human Chromosome17 Launchpad
Human Chromosome18 Launchpad
Human Chromosome19 Launchpad
Human Chromosome20 Launchpad
Human Chromosome21 Launchpad
Human Chromosome22 Launchpad
Human ChromosomeX Launchpad
Human ChromosomeY Launchpad

Vertebrates

OMIA - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals
MGI - Mouse Genome Informatics (includes MGD)
Ensembl Mouse genome browser
DFCI MGI - TIGR Mouse Gene Index
Mm UniGene - Mouse transcripts in GenBank (EST clusters)
MGC - Mammalian Gene Collection
Mouse gene knockouts db
RGD - Rat genome db
RatMAP - Rat genome db
DFCI RGI - TIGR Rat Gene Index
Rn Unigene - Rat transcripts in GenBank (EST clusters)
BOVMAP - Bovine genome db (in France)
NHGRI Dog Genome Project
ArkDB - Cat, Chicken, Cow, Deer, Horse, Pig, Quail, Sheep, Turkey genome databases
FishBase - Global information system on fishes
Fugu genome project
Fugu - HGMP Resource Centre Fugu Project (Fugu rubripes)
Ensembl Fugu genome browser
MEPD - Medaka Expression Pattern Database
ArkDB - Sea Bass, Salmon genome databases
ZFIN - Zebrafish Information Network
Ensembl Zebrafish genome browser

Mitochondrion and chloroplast

GOBASE - Organelle Genome Database
MitoDat - Mendelian Inheritance and the Mitochondrion db (mitochondrial nuclear gen
C.caldarium - Cyanidium caldarium strain RK1 chloroplast genome

Insects

Drosophila UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and cross-references to FlyBase
FlyBase - Drosophila genetic and molecular db
BDGP - Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project
FlyView - Drosophila image db
Homophila - Human Disease to Drosophila gene db
Mosquito Genomics
AnoDB - Anopheles gambiae db
Ensembl Mosquito genome browser

Invertebrates

WormBase - C.elegans db [Mirror at Sanger]
C.elegans WWW server - at University of Texas Southwestern
C.elegans Mitochondrial Directory - Data on C.elegans genes for mitochondrial proteins
NEXTDB - The Nematode Expression Pattern DataBase
C.elegans UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and cross-references to WormPep
WormPep - C.elegans proteins db
WorfDB - C. elegans ORFeome cloning project
Dictyostelium discoideum UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and cross-references to DictyBase
DictyBase - Dictyostelium discoideum db
DictyDb - Dictyostelium discoideum db
Dictyostelium Genome Sequencing project at BCM
Cone shells Web site
Parasite genomes db and resources
PlasmoDB - P.falciparum genome db
Malaria - WHO - Malaria db (from WHO)
P.falciparum Sanger - P.falciparum genome project at Sanger
PFDB - Plasmodium falciparum Genome db
P.falciparum - Plasmodium falciparum Gene Sequence Tag project
Malaria parasite metabolic pathways
GiardiaDB
LGN - Leishmania major Genome Project
ToxoDB - Toxoplasma gondii genome project
Trypanosoma brucei genome project
Trypanosoma cruzi genome project
kDNA - Kinetoplast Minicircle Sequence db

Plants

NAL - AGIS - Access to many plant genome databases at the National Agricultural Library
Mendel - Plant gene nomenclature database from CPGN
FLAGdb++ - Integrative database around plant genomes
Arabidopsis UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
TAIR - The Arabidopsis Information Resource
MATDB - MIPS Arabidopsis thaliana db
TIGR At - TIGR Arabidopsis thaliana db
AMPL - Arabidopsis Membrane Protein Library
Arabidopsis at PlaCe - Site with info on P450, glucosyltransferases, etc.
Gramene - A comparative mapping resource for grains
Oryza sativa UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
RGP - Rice Genome Research Program
Oryzabase - Japanese rice genome db
Rice genome project at Wisconsin
Rice-research.org - Monsanto rice genome site
TIGR OsGI - TIGR Rice Genome project
BeanGenes - Beans genome db
Brassica Genome Gateway
ChlamyDB - Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome db
CoffeeDNA - Coffee genomics web site
CottonDB - Cotton genome db
MaizeDb - Maize genome db
Pisum sativum (pea) web site (in russian)
TIGR Potato - TIGR Potato Functional Genomics project
Snapdragon (A.majus) web site
DragonDB - Snapdragon Database
SorghumDB - Sorghum genome db
DFCI GmGI - DFCI Soybean Gene Index
SoyBase - Soybean genome db
SoyBase metabolic db - Metabolic subset of the soybean genome db
DFCI LeGI - DFCI Tomato Gene Index
Dendrome - Forest trees genome db

Fungi

FGSC - Fungal Genetics Stock Center
Genolevures - Genomic Exploration of the Hemiascomycete Yeasts
FGI - Fungal genome initiative at the Broad Institute
Fungal genome databases at MIPS
Fungal genomes at the Sanger Institute
FGR - Fungal Genome Resource
Yeast (S. cerevisiae) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and cross-references to SGD
CYGD - MIPS Comprehensive Yeast Genome db
SGD - Saccharomyces genome db
Yeast snoRNA - Yeast small nucleolar RNAs db
YTPdb - Yeast Transport Protein db
YMPL - Yeast Membrane Protein Library
YEASTGFP - Yeast GFP Fusion Localization db
TRIPLES - TRansposon-Insertion Phenotypes, Localization, and Expression in Saccharomyces
YRC - Yeast Resource Center
PROPHECY - PROfiling of PHEnotypic Characteristics in Yeast
SCMD - Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Morphological db
GPofYPF - Global Profiling of Yeast Protein Function
Saccharomyces Genomes - Finding functional features in Saccharomyces Genomes by phylogenetic footprinting
Yeast Comparative Genomics
S.pombe UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
GeneDB S.Pombe - Schizosaccharomyces pombe GeneDB
S.pombe genome project
PombeNet - Forsburg lab pombe pages
AGD - Ashbya genome db
Aspergillus nidulans db
Aspergillus fumigatus Genome db
The Aspergillus web site
C. albicans UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
CGD - Candida Genome db
C. albicans physical map - Candida albicans server at the Univ. of Minnesota
Candida albicans pages - Candida albicans at the NRC/BRI
C.albicans genome annotation - Agabian Lab Web db
CandidaDB - Candida albicans GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
Cryptococcus neoformans Genome Project
Cryptococcus neoformans db - Candida Genome db
CunicuList - Encephalitozoon cuniculi Genome db
FGDB - Fusarium graminearum Genome db
Kluyveromyces lactis annotation db
MNCDB - MIPS Neurospora crassa db
Neurospora crassa db
NGP - Neurospora crassa genome project at New Mexico
Neurospora crassa Gene List
MUMDB - MIPS Ustilago maydis db
PC - Pneumocystis carinii genome project
Phycomyces Web site - Resource site for scientists working on Phycomyces

Bacteria

WDCM - World Data Center for Microorganisms
List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature
List of complete bacterial proteomes in Swiss-Prot (HAMAP)
CBS - CBS Genome Atlas Database
CMR - TIGR Comprehensive Microbial Ressource
GIB - Genome information broker for Microbial genomes
GOLD Genomes On-line Database
HOBACGEN - Homologous Bacterial Genes db
Comparison of the transport capabilities of bacterial genomes - from Ian Paulsen
BPGD - Bacterial polysaccharide gene db
Bacterial quorum sensing
MicrobeWorld - Educational site on microbes
E.coli UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and cross-references to EcoGene
EcoWeb / EcoGene - Very comprehensive E.coli db
ECCE - E.coli Cell Envelope Protein Data Collection
ECDC - E.coli db collection
EcoCyc - Encyclopedia of E.coli genes and metabolism
EchoBASE
GenProtEC - E.coli genome and proteome db
Colibri - E.coli GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
ECGC - E.coli Genome Center at Wisconsin University
DDBJ E.coli - E.coli home page at DDBJ
Regulon DB
B.subtilis UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
SubtiList - Bacillus subtilis GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
NRSub - Bacillus subtilis non-redundant db
DBTBS - Db of B.subtilis promoters and transcription factors
A.actinomycetemcomitans - Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain HK1651 genome project
B.anthracis at CNBP - Bacillus anthracis strain Ames WWW site
B.stearothermophilus - Bacillus stearothermophilus strain 10 genome project
Bordetella species genome projects at Sanger Institute - bronchiseptica strain RB50, parapertussis strain 1822 and pertussis strain Tohama I
BbDB - Borrelia burgdorferi B31 genome db at JCVI-CMR
Brucella abortus strain 2308 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
Brucella abortus strain 9-941 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
Brucella melitensis strain 16M UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
Brucella suis strain 1330 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
B.aphidicola (subsp. Acyrthosiphon pisum) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
B.aphidicola (subsp. Schizaphis graminum) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
C.jejuni - Campylobacter jejuni strain NCTC 11168 genome project
C.muridarum - Chlamydia muridarum strain MoPn genome db at JCVI-CMR
C.pneumoniae AR39 - Chlamydia pneumoniae strain AR39 genome db at JCVI-CMR
C.pneumoniae J138 - Chlamydia pneumoniae strain J138 genome db at JCVI-CMR
Chromobacterium violaceum - Brazilian Genome
C.michiganensis Claviabacter michiganensis subsp. sepdonicus genome project at Sanger Institute
C.difficile - Clostridium difficile strain 630 genome project at Sanger Institute
C.diphtheriae - Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain NCTC 13129 genome project at Sanger Institute
Coxiella burnetii strain RSA 493 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
CyanoBase - The Genome Database for Cyanobacteria
CyanoList - Synechocystis PCC6803 and Anabaena PCC7120 GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
DrDB - Deinococcus radiodurans strain R1 genome db at JCVI-CMR
E.ruminantium - Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium) genome project at Sanger Institute
H.influenzae UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
HiDB - Haemophilus influenzae genome db at JCVI-CMR
H.pylori UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
HpDB - Helicobacter pylori strain 26695 genome db at JCVI-CMR
PyloriGene - Helicobacter pylori GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
L.lactis - Lactobacillus lactis subsp. lactis strain IL1403 genome db
L.plantarum - Lactobacillus plantarum genome project
LegioList - Legionella pneumophila Paris strain and Legionella pneumophila Lens strain GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
ListiList - Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
BoviList - Mycobacterium bovis strain AF2122/97 GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
M.bovis - Mycobacterium bovis strain AF2122/97 genome project at Sanger Institute
Leproma - Mycobacterium leprae strain TN genome db
M.leprae at Sanger - Mycobacterium leprae genome project at Sanger Institute
TubercuList - Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
MtDB - Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Oshkosh genome db at JCVI-CMR
M.tuberculosis at Sanger - Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv genome project at Sanger Institute
M.tuberculosis structural genomics consortium
BuruList - Mycobacterium ulcerans strain Agy99 GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
M.genitalium UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
MgDB - Mycoplasma genitalium genome db at JCVI-CMR
M.pneumoniae UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
M.pneumoniae - Mycoplasma pneumoniae genome project
MypuList - Mycoplasma pulmonis GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
Mycoplasma synoviae genome db - Brazilian Genome
N.meningitidis A - Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A strain Z2491 genome project at Sanger Institute
N.meningitidis B - Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 genome db at JCVI-CMR
N.gonorrhoeae - Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain FA 1090 genome project
N.europaea - Nitrosomonas europaea genome project
PhotoList - Photorhabdus luminescens strain TT01 GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
P.marinus - Prochlorococcus marinus genome project
P.aeruginosa project - Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome project
R.solanacearum - Ralstonia solanacearum genome project
Rhizobium pNGR234a UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
RhizoBase - The Genome Database for Rhizobia
Rhizobium pNGR234a analysis
RsGDB - Rhodobacter sphaeroides genome db
R.palustris - Rhodopseudomonas palustris genome project
RicBase - Rickettsia conorii strain Malish 7 genome project
R.bellii strain RML369-C UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
R.conorii strain Malish 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
R.felis strain URRWXCa12 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
R.prowazekii UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
R.typhi strain Wilmington UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
S.typhi - Salmonella typhi strain CT18 genome project at Sanger Institute
S.meliloti - Sinorhizobium meliloti genome project
AureoList - Staphylococcus aureus strains N315 and Mu50 GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
S.aureus - Staphylococcus aureus strain NCTC 8325 genome project
SagaList - Streptococcus agalactiae strain NEM316 GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
StreptoPneumoList - Streptococcus pneumoniae strains R6 and Tigr4 GenoList browser at Institut Pasteur
S.mutans - Streptococcus mutans strain UAB159 genome project
S.pyogenes M1 - Streptococcus pyogenes strain SF370 serotype M1 genome project
S.pyogenes M5 - Streptococcus pyogenes strain Manfredo serotype M5 genome project at Sanger Institute
S.suis - Streptococcus suis genome project at Sanger Institute
S.uberis - Streptococcus uberis genome project at Sanger Institute
S.coelicolor - Streptomyces coelicolor strain A3(2) genome project at Sanger Institute
S.avermitilis - Streptomyces avermitilis strain MA-4680 genome project
Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
TmDB - Thermotoga maritima genome db at JCVI-CMR
TpDB - Treponema pallidum genome db at JCVI-CMR
T.whipplei - Tropheryma whipplei genome project at Sanger Institute
U.urealyticum - Ureaplasma urealyticum genome WWW site
VcDB - Vibrio cholerae genome db at JCVI-CMR
X.fastidiosa - Xylella fastidiosa genome project
Y.enterocolitica - Yersinia enterocolitica strain 8082 genome project at Sanger Institute
Y.pestis at Sanger - Yersinia pestis strain CO-92 Biovar Orientalis genome project at Sanger Institute

Archaea

List of complete archaeal proteomes in Swiss-Prot (HAMAP)
UCSC Archeal Genome Browser
A.pernix - Aeropyrum pernix K1 genome db
AfDB - Archaeoglobus fulgidus genome db at JCVI-CMR
Halobacterium NRC-1 - Halobacterium strain NRC-1 genome project
M.jannaschii UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, gene names and WWW servers
MjDB - Methanococcus jannaschii genome db at JCVI-CMR
Pyrococcus abyssi genome and re-annotation db
Pyrococcus sp. OT3
Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 genome project
T.volcanium - Thermoplasma volcanium genome project

Viruses and phages

All the virology on the WWW - links to virology WWW servers by David M. Sander
ICTVdB - Universal virus taxonomy db
ViralZone - Portal to viral UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
Adenoviruses web site
HCVDB - Hepatitis C virus db
HIV - HIV and related species db
HPV - Human papillomaviruses db
Picornavirus - Picornavirus home page and access to db
VirOligo- virus-specific oligonucleotides database
PhageBase
Phage Sequence Databank at Sdsu Center for Universal Microbial Sequencing
Bacteriophage ecology group
GOLD - Genomes On-line db
DOGS - Database of genome sizes

Human mutation databases/resources

· HGMD - Human Gene Mutation db

· SVD - EBI Sequence variation db

· HGVbase

· HGVS - The Human Genome Variation Society

· GeneDis - Human genetic disease db

· The International HapMap Project

· dbSNP - Human single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) db

· ALFRED - Allele Frequency Db

· SeattleSNPs - UW-FHCRC Variation Discovery Resource

· PicSNP - Catalog of non-synonymous SNP

· List of mutation databases from OMIM

· List of mutation databases from IMT (Finland)

· ADAbase - Human adenosine deaminase (ADA) mutation db

· Albinism Database

· Albumin Web site

· AR mutations - Human androgen receptor mutation db

· Antithrombin mutation db

· Asthma and Allergy gene db

· BIOMDB - Db of mutations causing tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies

· BLMbase - Human BLM mutation db (Bloom syndrome)

· BTKbase - Human BTK mutation db (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)

· CC_dbMD The Congenital Cataract Mutation Database

· CD3Ebase - Human CD3E mutation db

· CD3Gbase - Human CD3G mutation db

· CD40Lbase - Human CD40 ligand mutation db

· COL1/3 mutation - Human Type I and III collagen mutation db

· Connexin-deafness - Human connexins mutation db

· CFTR mutation - Human cystic fibrosis mutation db (CFTR)

· KMbloodDB - Blood disease genes db

· KMbrainDB - Brain disease genes db

· KMcancerDB - Cancer disease genes db

· KMearDB - Ear disease genes db

· KMeyeDB - Eye disease genes db

· KMheartDB - Heart disease genes db

· KMmuscleDB - Muscle disease genes db

· KMsyndromeDB

· MaiDB (autoimmune)

· G6PD - Human G6PD deficiency resource

· G6PDdb - Human G6PD mutation db

· GNAS1 - Human GNAS1 mutation db

· HAMSTeRS - The Haemophilia A Mutation db and Factor VII Resource site

· Haemophilia B mutation db- Factor IX

· HbVar - Hemoglobin variants db

· Hereditary hearing loss homepage

· LDLR mutation - Human LDLR mutation db (Familial hypercholesterolemia)

· LHR - Human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor mutation db

· NCF1base - Human NCF1 mutation db

· NCF2base - Human NCF2 mutation db

· Neuromuscular diseases web site

· NCL - Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses mutation db

· OCRL1 - OCRL1 mutation db (Lowe Syndrome)

· OTCase - Human ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) website

· Cytochrome P450 alleles nomenclature

· IARC TP53 mutation db - International Agency for Research on Cancer

· Germline p53 mutation db - University of Prague db of germline p53 mutations

· PAHdb - Human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) mutation db

· PAX2 mutation - Human PAX2 mutation db

· PAX6 mutation - Human PAX6 mutation db

· Prion - Wikipedia Prion and prion disease

· RAG1base - Human RAG1 mutation db

· RAG2base - Human RAG2 mutation db

· RB1base - Human retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB) mutation db

· RetNet - Retinal Information Network

· Retina International Scientific Newsletter - Information on Retinal genes, proteins and diseases

· Alsod.org - ALS/SOD1 genetic mutations db

· TSC2 - Cardiff-Rotterdam Tuberous Sclerosis (TS) db (Tuberin; TSC2)

· TGDB - Tumor gene db

· VMD2 mutation - Human VMD2 mutation db

· vWF mutation - Human von Willebrand factor (vWF) mutation db

· WRN - Human WRN mutation db (Warner disease)

· X-ALD mutation - Human ABCD1 mutation db

Gene(s)/protein(s) specific databases/resources

Human ABC transporters
ABCISSE - ABC systems : Information on Sequence Structure and Evolution
ADAMTS - Apte lab ADAMTS and ADAMTSL resource
Human albumin Web site
Nomenclature and entries of allergens in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Allergen sequence db
Allergome - A platform for allergen knowledge
SDAP - Structural database of allergenic proteins
Alginate genes - Pseudomomonas alginate production genes
Entries of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
AARSDB - Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases db
Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations Database
AMSDb - Antimicrobial sequences db
Antibody resource page - Links to antibody related Web resources
AraC-XylS - A db on a family of helix-turn-helix transcription factors from bacteria
Bcl-2 family database
TFII - Basal transcription factors
Blood group antigens in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
BRENDA - Db of enzyme functional data
EF-hand CaBP - EF-hand calcium-binding proteins data library
CAZy - Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes Web site
CBS domain - Cystathionine Beta Synthase domain Web page
CD antigens entries and nomenclature in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Chaperonin - Information on GroEL and GroES chaperonins
cpnDB - A Chaperonin Database
CSDBase - Cold shock domain db
COPE - Cytokines On-line Pathfinder Encyclopedia
dbCFC - Cytokine family db
DExH/D protein db
DnaB helicase
DPInteract - DNA-Proteins interactions db
EMP - Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways db
ENZYME - Enzymes nomenclature db
Worthington enzyme manual
EpoDB - Erythropoiesis gene expression db (Epo GED)
ESTHER - Esterases and alpha/beta hydrolase enzymes
Estrogen Receptor Resource
Expansins web site
Modules - Extracellular proteins modules (domains)
FADPNR - FAD-dependent pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductases
Flavodoxins
FYVE finger domain
Globin - Globin gene server
Glucocorticoid Receptor Resource
Nomenclature and entries of Glycosyl hydrolases in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
7TM - Entries of 7-transmembrane G-linked receptors in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
GPCRDB - G protein-coupled receptor db (7TM) at EMBL
GPCRs database
GRR - Glucocorticoid receptor resource
Arabidopsis Glycosyltransferases Family 1
GnRH - Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) family
Histone - Histones db
HIVdb - HIV protease db
HORDE - Human Olfactory Receptor Data Exploratorium
Hox proteins - Nomenclature and entries of vertebrate homeotic Hox proteins in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
IMGT - ImMunoGeneTics db [Mirror at EBI]
InBase - Inteins db from the New England Biolabs
Integrins - from Wikipedia
Initiation factors - Entries of translation initiation factors in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
LGIC - Ligand Gated Ion Channel subunit db
Voltage-gated Ion Channels
KEGG - Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
Klotho - Biochemical compounds declarative db
LED - Lipase Engineering Database
MDB - Metalloprotein Site Database and Browser
EPIMHC - A curated database of MHC ligands
Mitochondrial carriers pages from Nelson's lab
Mutator - Transposases, Mutator family
MutS - MutS family
NPD - Nuclear Protein db
NucleaRDB - Federated db on nuclear receptors
P450 pages from Nelson's lab
P450 - Directory of P450-containing systems
Arabidopsis P450 Web site
IARC p53 db - IARC db of somatic p53 mutations
PDE - Phosphodiesterases
Plant Peroxidases
Classification and entries of peptidases in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
MEROPS - Peptidase db
PLACE - Plant cis-acting regulatory DNA elements db
KinBase
PKR - Protein Kinase Resource
PatBase - P-type ATPase db
PPAR - Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor resource
Proteoglycans
Phytochromes - Computer analysis of phytochrome sequences
PUMA2 - Evolutionary Analysis of Metabolism
Reactome - a curated knowledgebase of biological pathways
RecA - RecA protein
REBASE - Restriction enzymes and methylases db
Classification and entries of restriction enzymes/methylases in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Familes and entries of ribosomal proteins in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
RNase P - Ribonuclease P db
SABIO Reaction Kinetics Database
SPAD - Signaling pathway db
SRPDB - Signal Recognition Particle db
SNF2 - SNF2 family protein resource
TRANSFAC - Transcription factors db
TRANSPATH - Signal Transduction Browser
TC-DB - Transport Classification System from Milton Saier
VDR - Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor
WD-repeat - WD-repeat proteins family
Wnt homepage
WormPep - C.elegans proteins db
YTPdb - Yeast Transport Protein db
Tox-Prot - The UniProtKN/Swiss-Prot Toxin Annotation Program
ConoServer
The Venom Composition - Information on conotoxins from a Web site on cone shells
International venom and toxin db
Scorpion - Scorpion toxin db
Snake - Snake toxin db

Post-translational modifications databases and resources

DSDBASE - Disulfide database (derived from 3D data)
GlycoSuiteDB - Db of glycan structures
LIPID MAPS - LIPID Metabolites And Pathways Strategy
GlycateBase - Database of glycation data for epsilon amino groups of lysines
O-GlycBase - O-glycosylated proteins db
Phospho.ELM - Phosphorylation sites db
Phosphorylation site db - Bacterial and archaeal phosphorylation sites resource
PhosphoSite - Db of phosphorylation sites in human and mouse proteomes
DOLOP Db of bacterial lipoproteins
UbiProt - Db of ubiquitylated proteins
RESID - Db of Amino Acid Modifications
Delta Mass - Db of mass of Post-Translational Modifications

Phylogenetics and taxonomy databases & resources

COG and KOG - Phylogenetic classification of proteins encoded in complete genomes
eggNog - Automated construction and annotation of orthologous groups of genes
EGO - Eukaryotic Gene Orthologs
Ensembl Compara - Genome-wide species comparisons
HOGENOM - Homologous Sequences in Complete Genomes Database
HOVERGEN - Homologous Vetebrate Genes Database
InParanoid - Eukaryotic ortholog groups
KO - KEGG Orthology:
Metazome - Phylogenomic analysis of metazoan gene families
Optic - Orthologous and paralogous transcripts in clades
OMA - Orthologs Matrix Project (OMA)
OrthoDB Hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs
OrthoMCL DB Ortholog grouping for protein sequences from multiple genomes
PhylomeDB - Database for phylomes (collections of phylogenetic trees for all proteins encoded in a given genome)
P-POD - Princeton Protein Orthology Database with an emphasis on providing information about disease-related genes
Protein Clusters - NCBI collection of related protein sequences (clusters)
PhyloFacts - Pre-calculated structural and phylogenomic analyses of protein families and domains
TreeFam - Tree families database of phylogenetic trees of animal genes
CluSTr - Automatic classification of UniProtKB proteins into groups of related proteins
HomoloGene - Automated detection of homologs among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes
ProtoNet - Classification of the proteins into hierarchical clusters
NCBI Taxonomy Browser
NEWT - UniProt Taxonomy Browser
The Tree of life - Collection of WWW pages on phylogeny and biodiversity of organisms
TreeBASE - Relational db of phylogenetic information

Gene expression databases and resources

4DXpress - a database for cross-species expression pattern comparisons
ArrayExpress - MicroArray informatics at the EBI
Bgee - Retrieve and compare gene expression patterns across species
BioGPS - The Gene Portal Hub
CleanEx - database of gene expression profiles
ExpressDB - Yeast and E.coli RNA expression db
GeneX - An open source Gene Expression database
GEO - Gene Expression Omnibus
GXD - MGI Gene Expression Database (mouse)
RAD - RNA abundance db
SMD - Stanford microarray db
MILANO - Microarray Literature-based Annotation
Genevestigator - a multi-organism, novel type of online meta-analysis tool for gene expression
GEMLeR - Gene Expression Machine Learning Repository

Patents databases

DPD - DNA Patent db
USDA Agricultural Biotechnology Intellectual Property
Esp@cenet - Patent information database from the European Patent Office (worldwide coverage)
FindThatPatent
FreePatentsOnline - access to millions of patents
WikiPatents - the largest database of patents open for public comment on the internet
Germany Patent database - with full-text and one-click patent search
Japanese Patents and Inventions
USPTO patent db - USA Patent and Trademark Office patent db

References (bibliographic databases)

PubMed Medline server
AGRICOLA - AGRICultural OnLine Access; ref. db from NAL
Article@INIST - Scientific and Technical Information Institute articles and monographs db
Korean Journals Abstract db
SeqAnalRef - Sequence analysis bibliographic references

Dictionaries, protocols, courses, nomenclature, etc.

BioABACUS - Biotechnology ABbreviation and ACronym Uncovering Service
Biology Reference
BioTech's life science dictionary
DCB - Dictionary of cell biology by Julian Dow
DNA Microbiology Guide Online
AAnP - IUPAC-IUBMB nomenclature for amino acids and peptides
Amino acids 2 - Another information page on amino acids (from Berlin Free Univ.)
Carbohydrates - IUPAC-IUBMB nomenclature for carbohydrates
Codon Usage db
Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - by David M. Glick
Primer on molecular genetics - from the US Department of Energy
Ion Source - Mass spectrometry resource
Sequence similarity searches primer - from Keith Robison / Harvard
Pedestrian guide to analysing sequence databases - from Burkhard Rost and Reinard Schneider
Weight matrices for sequence similarity scoring - from David Wheeler / MBCR
Quick Guides - EMBnet Quick guides
BioComputing Hypertext Coursebook - from VSNS BCD
BioActivity - Protein sequence and structure analysis: a practical guide
Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
Abbreviations of chemical compounds
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot list of nomenclature related references for proteins
GO - Gene Ontology Consortium WWW site
HUGO nomenclature committee
JCBN - IUPAC-IUB Joint commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN)
Nobel Foundation Website
The Nobel prize Internet Archive
UniProt Taxonomy Browser
NCBI Taxonomy
LPSN - List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature
ISIS - International Species Information System
Species 2000 - Project to provide in an electronic form the names and taxonomy of all known species

Biological software and databases catalog servers

CLC Free Workbench - A desktop program including a number of algorithms for DNA, RNA, and protein analyses. Available for Linux, MacOS X and Windows
CLC Protein Workbench - A desktop program including a number of advanced algorithms for protein sequence analysis. Available for Linux, MacOS X and Windows
CodonCode Aligner - Sequence assembly and alignment
BioCatalogue
ChemSynthesis - Chemical Database
LIC Generator - A web-based software for Ligation Independent Cloning vector and primer design
Genamix Software Seek

Gateways (portals) to Life Science resources

Art's Biotechnology Resource
Antibody Directory - A comprehensive portal for antibodies with a broad collection of research antibodies available world over
Biofind - Biotechnology industry information, gossip and news
Bioinformatik.de - Web directory for bioinformatics
BioNetbook - Institut Pasteur gateway to biosites
Bioplanet - The bioinformatics homepage
BIOPPS - Science & Technology Biocluster de Mexico
Bioexplorer.net
BioSpectrum Asia Edition - News & Jobs
Biotaq.com
BioTech
BioView - Site for Biopharmaceutical jobs, news, information and resources
Enzyme Directory - An exclusive portal for Enzymes, Substrates, Inhibitors and Recombinant proteins.
ExactAntigen.com - a curated database of antibody products
Genomics Directory
Biosyn Gizmo - bundle of databases (siRNA, protein, peptide antigen) and tools
HAGR - The Human Aging Genomic Resources
Ion Channel Media Group
LabAction - Biology video sharing site
Labome - Common Laboratory services
Microbiologyprocedure.com - Providing information on Microbiology basics, techniques, procedures, methods, applications and diseases
Molecular Biology Gateway from Horizon Press
Molecular Biology Online Resources - lists of Molecular Biology departments, websites, journals, books and reviews, employment opportunities and events
Molecular Station - Molecular Biology Protocols and Bioinformatics
Network Science
Peptide Guide
PharmaOpportunities - Pharmaceutical Jobs from Pharmaopportunities
Proteomics Research
ReNaBI - French bioinformatics platforms network
Scitable by Nature Education - A Collaborative Learning Space for Science Undergraduates
SIPHS - Question & Answer System for Life Sciences Researchers
StrainInfo.net - Navigating microbial space
Swiss Life Sciences database
The Peptide Resource Page - your complet guide to peptide research and suppliers
The Genomics Center

Biological journals and publishers

Resources linking to journals home pages

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot journals list - Provides direct links to most biological journals home pages
PubList.com - Internet Directory of Publications
e-journals.org - Electronic journals directory
Medical Journal Online - List of journals from the University of Texas Research Medical Library
Journal index from Genamics.com
Journal index from Horizon Scientific Press
HUM-MOLGEN - Virtual library from HUM-MOLGEN
Highwire Press links to top Science Journals
Medline full text lists - List of journals in Medline with Web sites
ISSN - International Standard Serial Number organization

Publishers

· Allen Press, Inc.

· ACS - American Chemistry Society publications

· AP - Academic Press has joined the Elsevier Group

· Alaken - Alaken, Inc.

· ASM - American Society of Microbiology publications

· Annual Reviews

· Arnold Publishers

· BioMed Central - The Open Access Publisher

· Bio-IT World - Technology for the Life Sciences

· BioScientifica Ltd

· Birkhauser Verlag Basel

· Blackwell Publishing - has joined the Wiley Group

· BMJ Group - British Medical Journal publishing group

· Cell Press

· Churchill Livingstone - has joined the Elsevier Group

· COB - The Company of Biologists Ltd

· CRC Press Online

· CSHL Press - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

· CSIRO - CSIRO Publishing

· CUP - Cambridge University Press

· CJP - Carden Jennings Publishing Co. Ltd

· Elsevier Science & Technology publishing

· FASEB publications

· G+B - Gordon and Breach Publishing Group has joined the Taylor & Francis Group

· HighWire Press

· Horizon Scientific Press

· Humana Press, Inc. - has joined the Springer family

· Informaworld

· IOS Press

· IR - Inter-Research Science Publisher

· JAMA - The Journal of the American Medical Association publications

· JL - John Libbey Eurotext

· Karger AG

· Editrice Kurtis

· LW&W - Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

· Martin Dunitz Publishers - has joined Informa Healthcare

· Mary Ann Liebert, Inc

· Elsevier Masson

· Elsevier Mosby

· Blackwell Munksgaard

· IAPC NAUKA - NAUKA International Academic Publishing Company (Russia)

· NRC Research Press

· OUP - Oxford University Press

· Parthenon Publishing Group

· Pharmaceutical Press

· Portland Press

· Pulsus Group Inc.

· Rockfeller University Press

· Sage Science Press

· SGM - Society for General Microbiology publications

· SIR - SIR Publishing

· Slack, Inc.

· Springer

· T&F - Taylor & Francis Group

· Thieme

· University of Chicago Press

· Urban and Fischer Verlag - has joined the Elsevier Group

· VSP - VSP International Science Publishers

· VZN - Verlag der Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung

· W de G - Walter de Gruyter and Co.

· WBS - W.B. Saunders Co. has joined the Elsevier Group

· Wiley - John Wiley and Sons [Mirror in the U.K.]

· Wiley-VCH

Bioinformatics journals and newsletters

Bioinformatics
Briefings in Bioinformatics
ISB - In Silico Biology
BioInformer - EBI's newsletter
embnet.news - EMBnet's newsletter
NCBI Newsletter
PDB Quaterly Newsletter
B6 - Bulletin d'information du Service d'Informatique Scientifique (Pasteur Institute / FR)
GenomeWeb BioInform - Global Bioinformatics news service
BITS - Bioinformatics Information Technology and Systems

Genomic newsletters

Human Genome Project Information
FGN - Fungal Genetics Reports
Rice Genome Newsletter
Textpresso - WormBase Literature Search

Miscellaneous

IJC - Internet Journal of Chemistry
Plant Gene Register

Biotechnology trade journals

BioCentury
Biotech Industry Supplier Registry
BioWorld Online
Drug Discovery and Development
GEN - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News

General science journals

Nature
New Scientist
La Recherche
Science
Scientific American
The Scientist
ScienceDaily Magazine
Science News Online
CNN Sci-Tech - CNN Science and Technology

Some biological societies and organizations

APS - American Peptide Society
ASCB - The American Society for Cell Biology
ASHG - American Society of Human Genetics
ATC-LGCC - American Type Culture Collection
Biochemical Society
BSA - Botanical Society of America
CSBMCB - Canadian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology
EFBF - European Federation of Biophysics
EGF - European Genetics Foundation
EMBO - European Molecular Biology Organization
ESEB - European Society for Evolutionary Biology
ESHG - European Society of Human Genetics
FAOBMB - Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists
FASEB - Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
FEBS - Federation of European Biochemistry Societies
HUGO - HUman Genome Organization
HUPO - HUman Proteome Organization
IUBMB - International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
MSA - Mycological Society of America
PPI - Plasma Proteome Institute
PRF - Protein Research Foundation
SDB - Society for Developmental Biology
SGM - Society for General Microbiology
SICB - Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
DOI - Digital Object Identifier foundation
BioJava Project - International association of developers of Java tools for bioinformatics
Bioperl Project - International association of developers of Perl tools for bioinformatics
Biopython Project - International association of developers of Python tools for bioinformatics
ISCB - International Society for Computational Biology
OMG LSR - Object Management Group Life Science Research task force

Biocomputing servers homepages

Europe

EBI - European Bioinformatics Institute
EMBnet - European Molecular Biology Network
EMBL - EMBL Biocomputing unit
SIB - Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
EMBnet CH - Switzerland EMBnet node
ISREC - ISREC/SIB Computational Cancer Genomics group (Lausanne / Swizerland)
CBRG - Computational Biochemistry Research Group (Zurich / Switzerland)
ABIM - Atelier BioInformatique (Marseille / FR)
B3E - Bioinformatique/Biostatistique/Biomathematique/Epidemiologie (Paris / FR)
Genethon - Genethon (Evry / FR)
GeneStream - Institut de Génétique Humaine (Montpellier / FR)
GENOSCOPE - Centre National de Séquencage (Evry / FR)
GenoStar - Consortium for the development of a bioinformatic platform
IGS - Information Génétique et Structurale (Structural and Genetic Information Laboratory) (Marseille / FR)
IMPBIO - Informatique, Mathématiques, Physique en Biologie moléculaire
Pasteur - Institut Pasteur (Paris / FR)
PBIL - Pole Bio-informatique Lyonnais (Lyon / FR)
Sanger - Sanger Centre (Hinxton / U.K.)
BMM - Biomolecular Modelling laboratory at ICRF (London / U.K.)
BSM - Biomolecular Structure and Modelling group at UCL (London / U.K.)
Manchester - Manchester University Bioinformatics unit (U.K.)
RIO - Roslin Institute Online (U.K.)
HUSAR - Biocomputing Service at DKFZ
AG BIODV - Software Development for Molecular Biology at Helmholtz Zentrum (Germany)
FLI - Genome Analysis in Complex Diseases, Ageing and Model Organisms (Germany)
MDC:Bioinf - Department of Bionformatic of the Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (Germany)
MIPS - Munich Information Centre for Protein Sequences (Germany)
PZR - Bioinformatics at the Proteome Center Rostock (Germany)
VSNS BCD - Virtual School of Natural Sciences Biocomputing Division from the University of Bielefeld (Germany)
BEN - Belgium EMBnet node
CBS - Center for Biological Sequence Analysis (Technical University of Denmark)
CSC BioBox - CSC; Finland EMBnet node
ABC - Agricultural Biotechnology Center (Budapest / Hungary)
Telethon Italy
CMBI - Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Bioinformatics; Netherland EMBnet node
BIO - Biotechnology Centre of Oslo; Norway EMBnet node
IBB - Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Warsaw); Poland EMBnet node
IGC - Bioinformatics and Computational Unit of the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia; Portugal EMBnet Node
Belozersky Institute - GeneBee Molecular Biology server (Moscow); Russia EMBnet node
MGS - Molecular Biological Server (Novosibirsk / Russia)
CNB - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia; Spain EMBnet node
BMC - BioMedical Centre at Uppsala; Sweden EMBnet node
KISAC - Karolinska Institute (KI) Sequence Analysis Computer
LCB - Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics
SBC - Stockholm Bioinformatics Center

USA and Canada

NCBI - National Center for Biotechnology Information
ABCC - Advanced Biomedical Computing Center at the NCI
ACGT - Advanced Center for Genome Technology at the University of Oklahoma
BCM HGC - Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Center
BDGP - Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project
BioTech - Life Sciences Resources and Reference Tools
Biotechnology - National Agricultural Library - Biotechnology
BMERC - Biomolecular Engineering Research Center
BROAD Institute
CBIL - Computational Biology and Informatics Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania
CCB - Washington University Center for Computational Biology
CUBIC - Columbia University Bioinformatics Center / RostLab
JCVI - J. Craig Venter Institute
JGI - Doe Joint Genome Institute
NCGR - National Center for Genome Resources
NIH - Computational Molecular Biology at NIH
UCLA - UCLA Bioinformatics Institute
Bioinformatics & Research Computing at Whitehead Institute
CBR - Canadian Bioinformatics Resource (currently not working)
CCB - Centre for Computational Biology at the Hospital for sick children

Asia

APBioNet - Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics network
BIC-JNU - Bioinformatics Center of Jawaharlal Nehru University
BIDD - Bioinformatics & Drug Design group (National University / Singapore)
DIC - Bioinformatics Centre at the University of Pune
Japanese GenomeNet
NIG - National Institute of Genetics of Japan
KDRI - Kazusa DNA Research Institute
CBI - Peking Center of Bioinformatics; Chinese EMBnet node
MICRO-NET - Microbial Information Network of China
HKBIC - Hong Kong Bioinformatics Center
BRIC - Biological Research Information Center (Korea)
MGRC - Malaysian Genomics Resource Centre
BIC - BioInformatics Center of the National University of Singapore

Australia

APBioNet - Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics network
ANGIS - Australian National Genomic Information Service
ANU - Australian National University Genomic Interactions group
APAF - Australian Proteome Analysis Facility

Others

HUJI - Hebrew University of Jerusalem genomic and bioinformatics server
Weizmann Bioinfo/BCU - Weizmann Institute of Science Bioinformatics and Biological Computing
SANBI - South African BioInformatics Institute
BDT - Base de Datos Tropical (Sao Paulo / Brazil)

ICGEB - International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Trieste / Italy)

Biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America membership list
Bioportfolio - Gateways to biobusiness
1st BASE Singapore
5 Prime, Inc.
Abcam - Supplier of antibodies, kits and reagents
Actelion
Addgene
Affymetrix, Inc.
AgricultureB2B.com - Biotechnology WWW Resources
Airmid Pharmaceuticals - privately held pharmaceutical company based in California.
ALEXIS Biochemicals - Now Enzo Life Sciences
Amgen
Amplicon Express
AMSBIO - Innovative products for genomics, proteomics and immunology
Antibodies online
ARCA biopharma
ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Arpida Ltd
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals
Atheris Laboratories
Aurora Fine Chemicals Ltd
Basilea
Bayer
BD Biosciences - Becton, Dickinson and Co
Biacore Life Sciences
Bio Balance, Inc.
Bio-Synthesis Inc
Biogen Idec
BioLaboratorio
BioPur AG - Proteins - Enzymes - Reagents
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Biosci Register - The Online Biotech Buyer's Guide
BioSystematica - Gel Imagers & Gel Analysis
BioTools
BioVisioN GmbH
BTC - BioSpecifics Technology Corp.
Caprion Proteomics, Inc.
Carbosynth - offering 2500 carbohydrates and nucleosides
Celera
Cellectis SA - Genome Engineering
CST - Cell Signalling Technology
CellZome
Centocor Ortho Biotech, Inc.
Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc.
Clinical Data, Inc.
CLL Pharma
Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
Cooper Pharma Ltd
CSL Ltd
CuraGen Corp.
Cytos Biotechnology
DATAbiotech
deCODE Genetics, Inc.
Destiny Pharma Ltd.
DNAVision
Do-Coop Technologies Ltd
Drug Development Technology
easyDNA - DNA testing company
Eli Lilly
Emerald Biosystems - products for crystallography
Encysive Pharmaceuticals
Entelechon GmbH
Entelos, Inc. - predictive biosimulation
EnviroLogix, Inc. - Test Kits
Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Epidauros Biotechnologie AG - Solutions in Pharmacogenetics
EraGen Biosciences - molecular assays for early detection of diseases
EVOTEC AG
Esbatech - Antibody fragment therapeutics
Exelixis Inc.
Exclusive Chemistry - design and synthesis of organic compounds
Fermentas
Fine Chemicals - Fine chemicals at Spectrum Chemicals.
G Biosciences - Proteomic products
Gelcompany
GENEART - DNA engineering and processing
Genencor International, Inc.
Genentech, Inc.
Genetics Institute
GE Healthcare
Genfit - early prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases
Genlantis - biological reagents and protein expression tools
Genome Express, SA
Genomic Solutions, Inc.
GenWay Biotech, Inc.
Genzyme Co.
Geron Co.
GL Biochem (Shangai) Ltd
Global Scientific - The Laboratory Supply Company
GSK - GlaxoSmithKline
Helix Biopharma Corp.
HGS - Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
HRI - Helix Research Institute, Inc.
Hybrigenics SA
HyTest - Cardiac markers, disease reagents, hormones and toxins, human proteins, neuroscience products.
Illumina, Inc.
Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Integrated Genomics, Inc.
ISCO - International Stem Cell Corporation
International Biosciences
Invitrogen
Johnson & Johnson
Jova Solutions
Keratech Diagnostics
KuDOS Pharmaceuticals Ltd
LAROVA GmbH
Lee BioSolutions, Inc.
Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc
Merck Serono
Migenix
Mitsui Chemicals America, Inc.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Millipore Co.
Miltenyi
MOLOGEN AG
MP Biomedicals - (formerly ICN Biomedicals & Qbiogene)
MP Sciences
Myriad Genetics, Inc.
NEB - New England Biolabs, Inc.
NGI - National Genetics Institute
Nonlinear Dynamics Ltd
Novartis
Novo Nordisk
Novozymes
Ocimum Biosolutions - BioIT, Microarrays and contract research services
Open Biosystems - part of Thermo Fisher Scientific
Opsona Therapeutics - drug development company specialising in the human immune system
Organic Chemistry Portal
Pfizer, Inc.
Pharsight Corp.
PrimerDesign
Prionics AG
Promega Corp.
Proteome Factory (German version)
Prozomix - Recombinant enzymes and proteins
ProZyme, Inc.
QIAGEN GmbH
Quantum Pharmaceuticals - Drug Discovery and Computational Chemistry Software
R&D Chemicals - Rare Chemicals Database
Repligen Corp.
Roche Bioscience
sanofi-aventis
Sequenom Industrial Genomics
Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc
Sigma-Aldrich
Sirius Analytical - automated pKa, logP/D and solubility measurement
SKS Science
Southern Lights Biomaterials
Simplexity Health - was Cell Tech
Syngenta
The Genetics Company
Thermo Scientific
Toplab GmbH
Transition Therapeutics Inc.
Tyrian Diagnostics - ex-Proteome Systems Ltd
Vernenium
Vertex Pharmaceuticals
WITA - Wittmann Institute of Technology and Analysis of Biomolecules GmbH
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals - Health Care Professional Resources
Worthington Biochemical Corp.
Xenometrix AG
Xerion Pharmaceuticals GmbH

Bio-informatics companies

Accelrys, Inc
ACD - Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.
Acrendo Medical Softwware - A.I.med software for medical record and management
Algonomics
ApoCom, Inc.
Base4 Bioinformatics
BIOBASE - Biological Databases
Biodatabases.com - Biological databases division of Amita Corp.
BioDiscovery, Inc.
BioFocus DPI - A Galapagos Company
Biomedical Computing, Inc.
BIOSIS -at Thomson Reuters Science
BIOSOFT
BioTools, Inc.
Caesar Software LLC
CLC bio - Provider of bioinformatics consulting, software and hardware
CodonCode Corporation - Software for DNA sequencing
Cognia Corporation, Inc.
Compugen [USA | Israel]
Computational Genetics Laboratory - Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) open source software
LIMS By Core Informatics - software company focused on delivering fully customized web-based Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)
DNA* - DNAStar
DYNACOM Co., Ltd. - Customized and packaged software solutions
EMR Experts, Inc. - electronic medical records
Era7 Bioinformatics
Eurofins MediGenomix GmbH
FQS - FQS Poland Sp. z.o.o.
Genamics
GeneBio - Geneva Bioinformatics SA
Gene Codes Corp - software for DNA sequence analysis
GeneData AG - computational solutions for drug discovery
Gene Logic, Inc. - an Ocimum Biosolutions company
GENETYX Corp. - website in japanese
Genologics
Genome Quest - web-based sequence data management solution
Genomics Solutions, Inc
GenoMining, SA - discovery and interpretation of biological data
Geospiza, Inc - software systems for workflow management of genetic analysis
Genotypic
GNS - Gene Network Sciences
Golden Helix - Whole Genome SNP, CNV, and ROH Analysis & Consultation
Ingenuity Systems, Inc. - knowledge management for Life Sciences
Janssen-genomics
JustBio - BioInformatics and web-services for molecular biology scientists
KineMatik
Lambda-Plus
Matrix Science Ltd
Metaphorics, LLC
Microrite, Inc
Ocimum Biosolutions - Integrated genomics company
Partek, Inc. - Pattern Analysis and Recognition Technologies
PREMIER Biosoft International
Progeny Software, LLC
Proteome Consult - Consulting & Project Management for Protein Analysis & Proteomics
Redasoft - software for molecular biology
Rishi Biotech Bio-IT company offering bioinformatics solutions to the Pharma, Healthcare and Biotech industries
Rosetta Biosoftware - Informatics solutions for life sciences research
Scitech
SGI - high-performance computing
TIBCO Software, Inc. - Spotfire: solutions for life sciences
Striking Devlopment, Inc.
SBI - Structural Bioinformatics, Inc.
Symyx Technologies, Inc
Techcuriosity
TimeLogic - biocomputing solutions
Tripos Inc. - a Certara company
VirtualChemistry
WebGenetics

Miscellaneous medical references sites

DrugWatch.com - information about medications and drugs currently or previously available
European Organisation of Family Health Reseach
FDA CDER - FDA Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research
HON - The Health On the Net foundation server
NLM - National Library of Medicine
Hardin MD - Hardin meta directory of Internet health sources
PhRMA - Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
WebMD - Guide to the Internet medicine
Apheresis News
Cell Therapy News
ReutersHealth - Reuters Medical News
Healthline - Health Search Engine and Medical Information
Healthopedia - Your Health Encyclopedia
Intute (ex- OMNI - Organising Medical Networked Information)
Medical software advice
MedicineNet, Inc - Medical Reference Site
MedlinePlus - NLM list of resources for health questions
Medweb
Molecular Imaging by Diagnostic Imaging
Online Cancer Guide - A comprehensive resource providing complete information on various types of cancers
Orphanet - The portal of rare diseases and orphan drugs
ORD - NIH Office of Rare Diseases
Prous Science - Medical and drug information provider
TOXNET - NLM Toxicology Data Network
Visible Human at EPFL - EPFL server for the images of the "Visible Human" NLM project
ADInstruments - Data Acquisitions Systems for Life Science
Claricode - Expert Medical Software Development
OMNIMD - Certified Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and Practice Management product and services
Sequel EMR - Electronic Medical Records software
Biohealthmatics.com - career and job search networking site for biomedical informatics professionals

Miscellaneous scientific references sites

BioMint - Mining the Biomedical Literature
Periodic table of the elements
Interactive periodic table of the elements
CL!Psci Scientific Search Engine
Vadlo - search engine specific to Life Sciences
ePharmaExpo.com - The virtual trade show for the pharmaceutical industry
IDB - Internet Directory for Botany
myScience.ch - the Swiss Portal for Research and Innovation
SciCentral - Gateway to the best science directories
Science News - Science-News.org Your Science and Technology News Headquarters
TheScientificWorld - Portal to science resources
Science Clarified
ASCB Image & Video Library
Library of Congress
British Library
Encyclopaedia Britannica and other resources
Encarta - Microsoft encyclopedia
A Web of on-line dictionaries - Links to many dictionaries in a variety of languages
Roget's Thesaurus
Merriam-Webster dictionary and thesaurus
Dictionary of acronyms
Gutenberg Project - Electronic full text version of classics
World Science - Science News Website
Wikipedia, The Science portal
Database of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Japan [in Japanese]
theScienceJobs.com
Life Science - Jobs in Ireland
Jumper 2.0- knowledgebase search engine platform

Exam Alert

2009-10-06T09:47:00.001+05:30

GATE 2010 | GATE Application Forms | GATE Examination Dates

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all India examination administered and conducted jointly by the Indian Institute of Science and seven Indian Institutes of Technology on behalf of the National Coordination Board - GATE, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India.
The GATE committee, which comprises of representatives from the administering institutes, is the sole authority for regulating the examination and declaring the results.
GATE is conducted through the constitution of eight zones. The zones and the corresponding administrative institutes are:

Zone-1: Indian Institute of Science Bangalore
Zone-2: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Zone-3: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Zone-4: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Zone-5: Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Zone-6: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Zone-7: Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Zone-8: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

The overall coordination and responsibility of conducting GATE 2010 lies with Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, designated as the Organising Institute for GATE 2010 .

Admission to postgraduate programmes with MHRD and some other government scholarships/assistantships in engineering colleges/institutes is open to those who qualify through GATE. GATE qualified candidates with Bachelor’s degree in Engineering/Technology/Architecture or Master’s degree in any branch of Science/Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Applications are eligible for admission to Master/Doctoral programmes in Engineering/Technology/Architecture as well as for Doctoral programmes in relevant branches of Science with MHRD or other government scholarships/assistantships. To avail the scholarship, the candidate must secure admission to such a postgraduate programme, as per the prevailing procedure of the admitting institution. However, candidates with Master’s degree in Engineering/Technology/Architecture may seek admission to relevant PhD programmes with scholarship/assistantship without appearing in the GATE examination.
Some institutions specify GATE qualification as mandatory even for admission of self-financing students to postgraduate programmes. GATE qualified candidates are also eligible for the award of Junior Research Fellowship in CSIR Laboratories and CSIR sponsored projects. Top rank holders in some GATE papers are entitled to apply for “Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Fellowship” awarded by CSIR. Some government organizations prescribe GATE qualification as a requirement for applying to the post of a Scientist / Engineer.

ABOUT GATE 2010 EXAMINATION

GATE 2010 will include both ONLINE and OFFLINE examinations as per the following details:

GATE Examination of TF paper - ONLINE examination
Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Mumbai, Roorkee
February 07, 2010 (Sunday)
09.30 hrs – 12.30 hrs

GATE Examination of MN paper - ONLINE examination
Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Mumbai, Roorkee
February 07, 2010 (Sunday)
14.30 hrs – 17.30 hrs

GATE Examination in all other papers - OFFLINE
In all cities listed in Examination Cities
February 14, 2010 (Sunday)
09.30 hrs – 12.30 hrs

TF : Textile Engineering and Fibre Science
MN : Mining Engineering

ONLINE Examination : Examination using computers where the candidate will select the correct answer out of four options with the help of keyboard and mouse

OFFLINE Examination : Examination in the usual manner as in the previous years where the candidate will mark the correct answer out of four options in an Optical Response Sheet (ORS) by darkening the appropriate bubble.
The list of papers for GATE 2010 is given under Structure of GATE. The question papers will be in English only.

Before applying for GATE 2010, candidates must assure themselves that they have chosen the right paper, which qualifies them to become eligible to seek admission to the specific programme they are interested in. The criteria for postgraduate admission with Scholarship/ Assistantship are different in various Institutes/ Universities. GATE Offices will not provide any information in this regard. For more details, the candidates are required to contact the Institutes/ Universities to which they are interested in seeking admission.

The choice of the paper is the responsibility of the candidate. Information about the pattern of the question papers is given under Question Paper Pattern

IMPORTANT DATES of GATE 2010

Commencement of Sale of Information Brochure and Offline Application Form/ Online Application Form submission - Tuesday Sept 22 2009

Last date of issue of Information Brochure and Application Form :
1) by post from GATE Offices Tuesday Oct 20 2009

2) at bank counters Wednesday Oct 28 2009

3) at GATE office counters Friday Oct 30 2009

Last date for :
1) Online application form submission (website closure) Wednesday Oct 28 2009 (18:00 hrs)

2) Receipt of completed Offline/ Online Application Form at respective zonal GATE Office Tuesday Nov 03 2009

Date of the examination :

1) Computer based ONLINE Examination for TF paper from 09.30 hrs to 12.30 hrs Sunday Feb 07 2010
2) Computer based ONLINE Examination for MN paper from 14.30 hrs to 17.30 hrs Sunday Feb 07 2010
3) OFFLINE Examination for all papers except TF and MN from 09.30 hrs to 12.30 hrs Sunday Feb 14 2010

Announcement of results Monday Mar 15 2010

ELIGIBILITY FOR GATE 2010

The following categories of candidates are eligible to appear in GATE :

Bachelor degree holders in Engineering/Technology/Architecture (4 years after 10+2) and those who are in the final or pre-final year of such programmes.
Master degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Applications or equivalent and those who are in the final or pre-final year of such programmes.
Candidates in the second or higher year of the Four-year Integrated Master degree programme (Post-B.Sc.) in Engineering/Technology or in the third or higher year of Five-year Integrated Master degree programme and Dual Degree programme in Engineering/Technology.
Candidates with qualifications obtained through examinations conducted by professional societies recognised by UPSC/AICTE (e.g. AMIE by IE(I), AMICE(I) by the Institute of Civil Engineers (India)-ICE(I)) as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech. Those who have completed section A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible.

Biotechnology Introduction

2009-08-20T22:48:00.000+05:30

Biotechnology: A Collection of Technologies

What Is Biotechnology?

At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology. From that perspective, the use of biological processes is hardly noteworthy. We began growing crops and raising animals 10,000 years ago to provide a stable supply of food and clothing. We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for 6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products. Crops? Cheese? That doesn’t sound very exciting. So why does biotechnology receive so much attention?

The answer is that in the last 40 years we’ve gone from practicing biotechnology at a macro level—breeding animals and crops, for example—to working with it at a micro level. It was during the 1960s and ’70s that our understanding of biology reached a point where we could begin to use the smallest parts of organisms—the biological molecules of which they are composed—in addition to using whole organisms.

An appropriate modern definition of biotechnology would be “the use of cellular and biomolecular processes to solve problems or make useful products.”

We can get a better handle on the meaning of the word biotechnology by thinking of it in its plural form, biotechnologies. That’s because biotechnology is a collection of technologies that capitalize on the attributes of cells, such as their manufacturing capabilities, and put biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins, to work for us.

Cells and Biological Molecules

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The simplest living things, such as yeast, consist of a single, self-sufficient cell. Complex creatures more familiar to us, such as plants, animals and humans, are made of many different cell types, each of which performs very specific tasks.

In spite of the extraordinary diversity of cell types in living things, what is most striking is their remarkable similarity. It turns out that all cells have the same basic design, are made of the same materials and operate using essentially the same processes. Almost all cells have a nucleus, which contains DNA that directs cell construction and operation. Cells share other structures as well, including those that manufacture proteins. This unity of life at the cellular level provides the foundation for biotechnology.

What Is DNA?

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in another part of the cell called the mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).

The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. No two people, except for identical twins, share the exact same DNA sequences.

DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. Long, continuous strands of DNA are organized into chromosomes. Human cells (except for the sex, or germ, cells) have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. Half come from the mother, half from the father.

Specific sections of DNA that carry the code for particular proteins are called genes. When a particular protein is needed, the DNA base pairs split, and RNA (ribonucleic acid) bases attach to the open DNA bases, forming a strand of mRNA (messenger RNA). The mRNA travels to other parts of the cell where the sequence of the mRNA is “read” by other cell structures that make the protein.

Why Is DNA the Cornerstone of Biotechnology?

Because virtually all cells speak the same genetic language, DNA from one cell can be read and acted on in another one—even a different cell type from a different species. This feature is what makes DNA the cornerstone of modern biotechnology. Scientists can,for example, use a yeast cell to make human insulin by inserting the human insulin gene into the yeast.

DNA is also the foundation for hundreds of diagnostic tests for genetic diseases and predisposition to disease. Some new tests can even identify which treatment, and what dosage, is best for a particular patient.

Because DNA and related cellular processes are so specific, biotechnology products can often solve problems with fewer unintended consequences than other approaches. In fact, the best words to describe today’s biotechnology are specific, precise and predictable.

biotechnology: Industry Facts

Emerged in the 1970s, based largely on a new recombinant DNA technique whose details were published in 1973 by Stanley Cohen of Stanford University and Herbert Boyer of the University of California, San Francisco. Recombinant DNA is a method of making proteins— such as human insulin and other therapies—in cultured cells under controlled manufacturing conditions. Boyer went on to co-found Genentech, which today is biotechnology’s largest company by market capitalization.

Biotechnology has created more than 200 new therapies and vaccines, including products to treat cancer, diabetes, HIV/ AIDS and autoimmune disorders.

There are more than 400 biotech drug products and vaccines currently in clinical trials targeting more than 200 diseases, including various cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis.

Biotechnology is responsible for hundreds of medical diagnostic tests that keep the blood supply safe from HIV and detect other conditions early enough to be successfully treated. Home pregnancy tests are also biotechnology diagnostic products.

Agricultural biotechnology benefits farmers, consumers and the environment—by increasing yields and farm income, decreasing pesticide applications and improving soil and water quality, and providing healthful foods for consumers.

Environmental biotech products make it possible to clean up hazardous waste more efficiently by harnessing pollution eating microbes.

Industrial biotech applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste and use less energy and water in such industrial sectors as chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy, and metals and minerals. For example, most laundry detergents produced in the United States contain biotechnology-based enzymes.

DNA fingerprinting, a biotech process, has dramatically improved criminal investigation and forensic medicine. It has also led to significant advances in anthropology and wildlife management.

Biotech in health

2009-08-17T14:43:00.006+05:30

health care Applications

Biotechnology tools and techniques open new research avenues for discovering how healthy bodies work and what goes wrong when problems arise. Knowing the molecular basis of health and disease leads to improved methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing illness. In human health care, biotechnology products include quicker and more accurate diagnostic tests, therapies with fewer side effects and new and safer vaccines.

Diagnostics

We can now detect many diseases and medical conditions more quickly and with greater accuracy because of new, biotechnology- based diagnostic tools. A familiar example is the new generation of home pregnancy tests that provide more accurate results much earlier than previous tests. Tests for strep throat and many other infectious diseases provide results in minutes, enabling treatment to begin immediately, in contrast to the two- or three day delay of previous tests.

A familiar example of biotechnology’s benefits is the new generation of home pregnancy tests that provide more accurate results much earlier than previous tests. Biotechnology also has created a wave of new genetic tests. Today there are more than 1,200 such tests in clinical use, according to genetests.org, a site sponsored by the University of Washington. Many are for genetic diseases, while others test predisposition to disease. Emerging applications include tests to predict response to medicines and assist with nutritional planning.

Biotechnology has lowered the cost of diagnostics in many cases. A blood test developed through biotechnology measures low-density lipoprotein (“bad” cholesterol) in one test, without fasting. Biotech-based tests to diagnose certain cancers, such as prostate and ovarian cancer, by taking a blood sample, eliminate the need for invasive and costly surgery.

In addition to diagnostics that are cheaper, more accurate and quicker than previous tests, biotechnology is allowing physicians to diagnose diseases earlier, which greatly improves prognosis. Proteomics researchers are taking this progress a step further by identifying molecular markers for incipient disease before visible cell changes or symptoms appear.

The wealth of genomics information now available will greatly assist doctors in early diagnosis of diseases such as type I diabetes, cystic fibrosis, early-onset Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease—ailments that previously were detectable only after clinical symptoms appeared. Genetic tests will also identify patients with predisposition to diseases such as various cancers, osteoporosis, emphysema, type 2 diabetes and asthma, giving patients an opportunity to prevent the disease by avoiding triggers such as poor diet, smoking and other environmental factors.

Some biotechnology tests even act as barriers to disease—these are the tests used to screen donated blood for the pathogens that cause AIDS, hepatitis and other infections.

Biotech-based tests also are improving the way health care is provided. Many diagnostic tests are portable, so physicians conduct the tests, interpret results and decide on treatment at the point of care. In addition, because many of these tests give results in the form of color changes (similar to a home pregnancy test), results can be interpreted without technically trained personnel, expensive lab equipment or costly facilities, expanding access to poorer communities and developing countries.

Therapeutics

Biotechnology will make possible improved versions of today’s therapeutic regimes as well as tomorrow’s innovative treatments. Biotech therapeutics approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are used to treat many diseases and conditions, including leukemia and other cancers, anemia, cystic fibrosis, growth deficiency, rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, hepatitis, genital warts and transplant rejection. Some biotech companies are using emerging biological knowledge, the skills of rational drug design, and high-throughput screening of chemical libraries to find and develop small molecule therapies, which are often formulated as pills. Others focus on biological therapies, such as proteins, genes, cells and tissues—all of which are made in living systems. These therapies are what people often first think of when they hear the term biotechnology.

The therapies discussed below all make use of biological substances and processes designed by nature. Some use the human body’s own tools for fighting disease. Others are natural products of plants and animals. The large-scale manufacturing processes

for producing therapeutic biological substances also rely on nature’s molecular production mechanisms.

Using Natural Products as Therapeutics

Many living organisms produce compounds that have therapeutic value for us. For example, many antibiotics are produced by naturally occurring microbes, and a number of medicines on the market, such as digitalis, are made by plants. Plant cell culture, recombinant DNA technology and cellular cloning now provide us with new ways to tap into natural diversity.

As a result, scientists are investigating many plants and animals as sources of new medicines. Ticks and bat saliva could provide anticoagulants, and poison-arrow frogs might be a source of new painkillers. A fungus produces a novel antioxidant enzyme that is particularly efficient at “mopping up” free radicals known to encourage tumor growth. Byetta™ (exenatide) was chemically copied from the venom of the gila monster and approved in early 2005 for the treatment of diabetes. PRIALT (ziconotide), a recently approved drug for pain relief, is a synthetic version of the toxin from a South Pacific marine snail. The ocean presents a particularly rich habitat for potential new medicines. Marine biotechnologists have discovered organisms containing compounds that could heal wounds, destroy tumors, prevent inflammation, relieve pain and kill microorganisms. Shells from marine crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs, are made of chitin, a carbohydrate that is proving to be an effective drug-delivery vehicle. Marine biotechnologists have discovered organisms containing compounds that could heal wounds, destroy tumors, prevent inflammation, relieve pain and kill microorganisms.

RECOMBINANT PROTEIN Therapeutics

Some diseases are caused when defective genes don’t produce the proteins (or enough of the proteins) the body requires. Today we are using recombinant DNA and cell culture to produce these proteins. Replacement protein therapies include:

●● factor VIII—a blood-clotting protein missing in some hemophiliacs. Marketed by several companies under various brand names.

●● insulin—a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. Diabetes results when the body can no longer make insulin (or can no longer respond to it). Marketed by several companies under various brand names.

●● human growth hormone—a hormone essential to achieving normal height. Children with growth disorders may be prescribed a recombinant version of this protein. Marketed by several companies under various brand names.

●● betaglucocerebrosidase—a protein whose absence results in Gaucher’s disease, a rare genetic disorder. Marketed as Cerezymeｮ.

Other protein therapies do not treat a protein deficiency per se. Instead, they introduce or boost levels of a protein in order to fight a symptom or disease process. For example, anemia patients may be treated with recombinant erythropoietin (Epogenｮ and Procritｮ), which stimulates the formation of red blood cells. Heart attack and some stroke patients are often given a bolus of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator to break up blood

clots. Protein drugs can be life-savers for acute conditions, but they are also used to treat chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis.

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Because monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) offer highly specific darts to throw at disease targets, they are attractive as therapies, especially for cancer. The first anticancer MAb, Rituxan™ (rituximab), was approved in 1997 for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s

lymphoma. Since then, many other MAb-based therapies have followed, including:

●● Avastinｮ (bevacizumab), which binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prevents its interaction with the VEGF receptor, which helps stimulate blood vessel formation, including the blood vessels in tumors. Avastin has been approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and metastatic breast cancer.

●● Bexxarｮ (tositumomab), a conjugate of a monoclonal antibody against CD20 and the radioactive isotope iodine I-131. It has been approved to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

●● Campathｮ (alemtuzumab), which binds to CD52, a molecule found on white blood cells, and treats B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

●● Erbituxｮ (cetuximab), which blocks epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been approved to treat colorectal cancer and squamous cell head and neck cancer.

●●Herceptinｮ (trastuzumab), which binds to the HER2 receptor to treat breast cancer.

●●Mylotarg™ (gemtuzumab ozogamicin), which uses a monoclonal antibody to deliver a chemotherapy agent to treat some leukemia patients.

●● Zevalinｮ (ibritumomab tiuexetan), which, like Bexxar, is a conjugate of a monoclonal antibody and a radioactive isotope. It is approved for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Monoclonal antibodies are also used to treat immune-related disorders, infectious diseases and other conditions that are best treated by blocking a molecule or process.

Using Genes to Treat Diseases

Gene therapy presents an opportunity to use DNA, or related molecules such as RNA, to treat diseases. For example, rather than giving daily injections of a missing protein, physicians could supply the patient’s body with an accurate “instruction manual”—a nondefective gene—correcting the genetic defect so the body itself makes the proteins. Other genetic diseases could be treated by using small pieces of RNA to block mutated genes. Only certain genetic diseases are amenable to correction via replacement gene therapy. These are diseases caused by the lack of a protein, such as hemophilia and severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), commonly known as the “bubble boy

disease.” Some children with SCID are being treated with gene therapy and enjoying relatively normal lives, although the therapy has also been linked to developing leukemia. Hereditary disorders that can be traced to the production of a defective protein, such as

Huntington’s disease, may be best treated with RNA that interferes with protein production.

Medical researchers also have discovered that gene therapy can treat diseases other than hereditary genetic disorders. They have used briefly introduced genes, or transient gene therapy, as therapeutics for a variety of cancers, autoimmune disease, chronic

heart failure, disorders of the nervous system and AIDS.

In late 2003, China licensed for marketing the first commercial gene therapy product, Gendicine, which delivers the P53 tumor suppressor gene. The product treats squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, a particularly lethal form of cancer. Clinical trial results were impressive: Sixty-four percent of patients who received the gene therapy drug, in weekly injections for two months, showed a complete regression and 32 percent attained partial regression. With the addition of chemotherapy and radiation, results were improved greatly, with no relapses after three years.

Cell Transplants

Approximately 18 people die each day waiting for organs to become available for transplantation in the United States. To address this problem, scientists are investigating ways to use cell culture to increase the number of patients who might benefit from one organ donor. In one study, liver cells grown in culture and implanted into patients kept them alive until a liver became available. In other studies, patients with type 1 diabetes have received transplants of insulin-producing cells; the procedure works well briefly, but medium-term results have been disappointing.

A patient receiving cells from a donor must take powerful drugs every day to prevent the immune system from attacking the transplanted cells. These drugs have many side effects, prompting researchers to seek new ways to keep the immune system at bay.

One method being tested is cell encapsulation, which allows cells to secrete hormones or provide a specific metabolic function without being recognized by the immune system. As such, they can be implanted without rejection. Other researchers are genetically

engineering cells to express a naturally occurring protein that selectively disables immune system cells that bind to it. Other conditions that could potentially be treated with cell

transplants are cirrhosis, epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease.

Xenotransplantation

Organ transplantation provides an especially effective treatment for severe, life-threatening diseases of the heart, kidney and other organs. However, the need greatly exceeds the availability of donor organs. According to the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS), in the United States almost 100,000 people were on organ waiting lists as of April 2008.

Organs and cells from other species—pigs and other animals— may be promising sources of donor organs and therapeutic cells. This concept is called xenotransplantation. Organs and cells from other species—pigs and other animals—may be promising sources of donor organs and therapeutic cells. This concept is called xenotransplantation. The most significant obstacle to xenotransplantation is the immune system’s self-protective response. When nonhuman tissue is introduced into the body, the body cuts off blood flow to the donated organ. The most promising method for overcoming this rejection may be various types of genetic modification. One approach deletes the pig gene for the enzyme that is the main cause of rejection; another adds human genetic material to disguise the pig cells as human cells.

The potential spread of infectious disease from other species to humans through xenotransplantation is also a major obstacle to this technology.

Using Biopol ymers as Medical Devices

Nature has also provided us with biological molecules that can serve as useful medical devices or provide novel methods of drug delivery. Because they are more compatible with our tissues and our bodies absorb them when their job is done, they are superior

to most human-made medical devices or delivery mechanisms. For example, hyaluronate, a carbohydrate produced by a number of organisms, is an elastic, water-soluble biomolecule that is being used to prevent postsurgical scarring in cataract surgery; alleviate pain and improve joint mobility in patients with osteoarthritis; and inhibit adherence of platelets and cells to medical devices, such as stents and catheters. A gel made of a polymer found in the matrix connecting our cells promotes healing in burn victims. Gauze-like mats made of long threads of fibrinogen, the protein that triggers blood clotting, can be used to stop bleeding in emergency situations. Adhesive proteins from living organisms are replacing sutures and staples for closing wounds. They set quickly, produce strong bonds, and are absorbed.

Personalized Medicine

In the future, our individual genetic information will be used to prevent disease, choose medicines and make other critical decisions about health. This is personalized medicine, and it could revolutionize health care, making it safer, more costeffective and, most importantly, more clinically effective.

Pharmacogenomics, which refers to the use of information about the genome to develop drugs, is also used to describe the study of the ways genomic variations affect drug responses. The variations affecting treatment response may involve a single gene (and the protein it encodes) or multiple genes/ proteins. For example, some painkillers work only when body proteins convert them from an inactive form to an active one. How well these proteins do their jobs varies considerably between people. As another example, tiny genetic differences can change how statin drugs work to lower blood cholesterol levels.

Biotechnology researchers are interested in the use of gene-based tests to match patients with optimal drugs and drug dosages. This concept of personalized medicine—also called targeted therapy—is beginning to have a powerful impact on research and treatment, especially in cancer. This concept of personalized medicine—also called targeted therapy—is beginning to have a powerful impact on research and treatment, especially in cancer.

Cancer

The biotech breast cancer drug Herceptinｮ (trastuzumab) is an example of a pharmacogenomic drug. Initially approved in 1998, Herceptin targets and blocks the HER2 protein receptor, which is overexpressed in some aggressive cases of breast cancer. A test can identify which patients are overexpressing the receptor and can benefit from the drug. New tests have been launched recently that identify patients likely to respond to Iressaｮ (gefitinib), Tarcevaｮ (erlotinib), Gleevecｮ (imatinib) and Campath (alemtuzumab), and patients developing resistance to Gleevec. Tests are available to choose the correct dosage of a powerful chemotherapy drug for pediatric leukemia; the tests have saved lives by preventing overdose fatalities. One of the most exciting new tests is Genomic Health’s Oncotype DX™, which examines expression of 21 genes to quantify risk of breast cancer recurrence and predict the likelihood that chemotherapy will benefit the patient. Impressed with the product’s results in recent studies, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in May 2006 launched a large new study called TAILORx (Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment [Rx]) that will utilize Oncotype DX™ to predict recurrence and assign treatment to more than 10,000 women at over 1,000 sites in the United States and Canada.

Many more pharmacogenomic cancer products—both medicines and tests—are in development. In fact, oncology may be entering an era when cancer treatment will be determined as much or more by genetic signature than by location in the body.

The idea is simple, but the project is monumental, given the variety of genetic tools cancer cells use to grow, spread and resist treatment. The NIH in December 2005 announced it was taking on this challenge through The Cancer Genome Atlas. The project aims to map all gene variations linked to some 250 forms of cancer, not only the variations that help cause cancer, but also those that spur growth, metastasis and therapeutic resistance.

Other Applications

In December 2004, the FDA approved Roche and Affymetrix’s AmpliChipｮ CYP450 Genotyping Test, a blood test that allows physicians to consider unique genetic information from patients in selecting medications and doses of medications for a wide variety of common conditions such as cardiac disease, psychiatric disease and cancer.

The test analyzes one of the genes from the family of cytochrome P450 genes, which are active in the liver to break down certain drugs and other compounds. Variations in this gene can cause a patient to metabolize certain drugs more quickly or more slowly than average, or, in some cases, not at all. The specific enzyme analyzed by this test, called cytochrome P4502D6, plays an important role in the body’s ability to metabolize some commonly prescribed drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, beta-blockers and

some chemotherapy drugs.

AmpliChip was the first DNA microarray test to be cleared by the FDA. A microarray is similar to a computer microchip, but instead of tiny circuits, the chip contains tiny pieces of DNA, called probes.

Race- and Gender-Based Medicine

In 2005, the FDA for the first time approved a drug for use in a specific race: BiDilｮ (isosorbide and hydralazine), a life-saving drug for heart failure in black patients. In the 1990s, the drug had failed to beat placebo in a broad population but showed promise

in black patients. Further testing confirmed those results. Although BiDil thus far is the only drug to win a race-specific approval, it’s far from unique in its varied effects across populations. Many drugs, including common blood-pressure medicines and

antidepressants, exhibit significant racially correlated safety and efficacy differences.

For example, in a large study of one of the most common blood pressure medications, Cozaarｮ (losartan), researchers found a reduced effect in black patients—a fact that has been added to the prescribing information for the drug. Interferon, likewise, appears

to be less effective in blacks with hepatitis than in non-Hispanic white patients (19 percent vs. 52 percent response rate), according to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Another study found Japanese cancer patients are three times more likely to respond to Iressa, apparently because of a mutation in a gene for the drug’s target, epidermal growth factor receptor.

Genetic variations—mutations that affect drug receptors, pathways and metabolizing enzymes—are thought to underlie most of the racial, ethnic and geographic differences in drug response, making the field ripe for biotech-style personalized medicine.

NitroMed, for example, is collecting genetic material with the hope of developing a test to identify all patients—irrespective of race—likely to respond to BiDil. Some companies are exploring the concept of gender-based medicine to take into account the differences in male and female response to medicine. Some companies are exploring the concept of gender-based medicine to take into account the differences in male and female response to medicine. Aspirin, for example, prevents heart attacks in men but not in women. At least one biotech company is developing a lung cancer drug that shows greater promise in women.

Regenerative Medicine

Biotechnology is showing us new ways to use the human body’s natural capacity to repair and maintain itself. The body’s toolbox for self-repair and maintenance includes many different proteins and various populations of stem cells that have the capacity to cure

diseases, repair injuries and reverse age-related wear and tear.

Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering combines advances in cell biology and materials science, allowing us to create semi-synthetic tissues and organs in the lab. These tissues consist of biocompatible scaffolding material, which eventually degrades and is absorbed, plus living cells grown using cell-culture techniques. Ultimately the goal is to create whole organs consisting of different tissue types to replace diseased or injured organs.

The most basic forms of tissue engineering use natural biological materials, such as collagen, for scaffolding. For example, two layer skin is made by infiltrating a collagen gel with connective tissue cells, then creating the outer skin with a layer of tougher protective cells. In other methods, rigid scaffolding, made of a synthetic polymer, is shaped and then placed in the body where new tissue is needed. Other synthetic polymers, made from natural compounds, create flexible scaffolding more appropriate for soft-tissue structures, like blood vessels and bladders. When the scaffolding is placed in the body, adjacent cells invade it. At other times, the biodegradable implant is seeded with cells grown in the laboratory prior to implantation. Simple tissues, such as skin and cartilage, were the first to be engineered successfully.

Recently, however, physicians have achieved remarkable results with a biohybrid kidney (renalassist device, or RAD) that maintains patients with acute renal failure until the injured kidney repairs itself. In a clinical trial of the RAD in patients with acute kidney injury, patients receiving the RAD were 50 percent less likely to die. The hybrid kidney is made of hollow tubes seeded with kidney stem cells that proliferate until they line the tube’s inner wall. These cells develop into the type of kidney cell that releases hormones and is involved with filtration and transportation.

The human body produces an array of small proteins known as growth factors that promote cell growth, stimulate cell division and, in some cases, guide cell differentiation. These natural regenerative proteins can be used to help wounds heal, regenerate injured tissue and advance the development of tissue engineering described in earlier sections. As proteins, they are prime candidates for large-scale recombinant production in transgenic organisms, which would enable their use as therapeutic agents.

Some of the most common growth factors are:

●● epidermal growth factor, which stimulates skin cell division and could be used to encourage wound healing;

●● erythropoietin, which stimulates the formation of red blood cells and was one of the first biotechnology products;

●● fibroblast growth factor, which stimulates cell growth and has been effective in healing burns, ulcers and bone, and in growing new blood vessels in patients with blocked coronary arteries;

●● transforming growth factor-beta, which helps fetal cells differentiate into different tissue types and triggers the formation of new tissue in adults; and

●● nerve growth factors, which encourage nerve cells to grow, repair damage; they could be used in patients with head and spinal cord injuries or degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Vaccines

Vaccines help the body recognize and fight infectious diseases. Conventional vaccines use weakened or killed forms of a virus or bacteria to stimulate the immune system to create the antibodies that will provide resistance to the disease. Usually only one or a few proteins on the surface of the bacteria or virus, called antigens, trigger the production of antibodies. Biotechnology is helping us improve existing vaccines and create new vaccines against infectious agents, such as the viruses that cause cervical cancer and genital herpes.

Biotechnology Vaccine Production

Most of the new vaccines consist only of the antigen, not the actual microbe. The vaccine is made by inserting the gene that produces the antigen into a manufacturing cell, such as yeast. During the manufacturing process, which is similar to brewing beer, each yeast cell makes a perfect copy of itself and the antigen gene. The antigen is later purified from the yeast cell culture. By isolating antigens and producing them in the laboratory, it is possible to make vaccines that cannot transmit the virus or bacterium itself. This method can also increase the amount of vaccine that can be manufactured because each manufacturing cell can produce many antigens for purification.

Using these techniques of biotechnology, scientists have developed antigen-only vaccines against life-threatening diseases such as hepatitis B and meningitis. Researchers have discovered that injecting small pieces of DNA from microbes is sufficient for triggering antibody production. Such DNA vaccines could provide immunization against microbes for which we currently have no vaccines.

Biotechnology is also broadening the vaccine concept beyond protection against infectious organisms. Various researchers are developing vaccines against diseases such as diabetes, chronic inflammatory disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer and autoimmune disorders.

Vaccine Delivery Systems

Most vaccines require special handling—many require refrigeration during shipping and storage—syringes and skilled professionals to administer them. Some researchers are working to create new vaccine delivery technologies that simplify distribution and use. Technologies under study include oral vaccines, vaccines administered via patch, and even edible vaccines manufactured by plants and animals.

Academic researchers have obtained positive results using human volunteers who consumed hepatitis vaccines in bananas, and E. coli and cholera vaccines in potatoes. In addition, because these vaccines are genetically incorporated into food plants and

need no refrigeration, sterilization equipment or needles, they may prove particularly useful in developing countries. Researchers are also developing skin patch vaccines for tetanus, anthrax, influenza and E. coli.

Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals

Advances in biotechnology have made it possible to genetically enhance plants to produce therapeutic proteins essential for the production of a wide range of protein pharmaceuticals—such as monoclonal antibodies, enzymes and blood proteins.

Plant-made pharmaceutical production is regulated under stringent rules of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the FDA. The primary agency that regulates and monitors this technology is USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).

Therapeutic proteins produced by transgenic plants to date include antibodies, antigens, growth factors, hormones, enzymes, blood proteins and collagen. These proteins have been grown in field trials in a wide variety of plants, including alfalfa, corn, duckweed, potatoes, rice, safflower, soybeans and tobacco. Field trials with protein-producing plants are providing the essential building blocks for innovative treatments for diseases such as cancer, HIV, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, kidney disease, Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, hepatitis C, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity and arthritis. In addition, scientists have made excellent progress in using plants as vaccine-manufacturing and -delivery systems. They have used tobacco, potatoes, tomatoes and bananas to produce experimental vaccines against infectious diseases, including cholera, a number of microbes that cause food poisoning and diarrhea (e.g., E. coli and the Norwalk virus), hepatitis B and the bacterium that causes dental cavities. A cancer “vaccine” (which is therapeutic and not preventative) to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma has also been produced in plants.

Economic and access benefits

Since most proteins cannot be chemically synthesized, there are very few options for protein production for pharmaceutical purposes: mammalian and microbial cell cultures and plants. More than $500 million and five years are required to build a facility for mammalian cell cultures. Because protein-producing plants require relatively little capital investment, and the costs of production and maintenance are minimal, they may provide the only economically viable option for independent production of therapeutic proteins in underdeveloped countries.

Therapeutic Development Overview

In the United States, the Food & Drug Administration regulates the development, manufacturing and marketing of most biotechnology therapeutics used in health care.

Biologics & Drugs Many biotech therapies are biologics, meaning they are derived

from living sources such as cells. Biologics are complex mixtures whose active ingredients—usually proteins—are hundreds of times larger than the compounds found in most pills. These products usually must be injected or infused directly into the bloodstream to be effective.

Biologics include blood and blood-derived products and vaccines, as well as biotechnology-based recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. Most biologics are regulated by the FDA under the Public Health Service Act and require approval of a biologic license application (BLA) prior to marketing.

Through the late 1990s, biotechnology was closely associated with recombinant and antibody-based biologics, but increasingly biotech companies are using genetic and other biological discoveries to develop so-called small-molecule drugs. These are the chemically simple compounds that are so familiar on pharmacy shelves. They are often formulated as pills (although small-molecule products may also be injected or infused) and most are easily duplicated by generic manufacturers through well-understood chemical processes.

The FDA regulates small-molecule drugs under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic (FDC) Act. Approval of a new drug application (NDA) is required before such a drug can be marketed. (Note: A few biologics, notably insulin and growth hormone, are regulated under the FDC Act as well.) Although drugs and biologics are subject to different laws and regulations, drugs and most therapeutic biologics both fall under the purview of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER, usually pronounced “cedar”). Vaccines, blood products, and cell and gene therapies are regulated by the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER, usually pronounced “seeber”).

Product Development

It typically takes 10 to 15 years and an average of more than $800 million (including the cost of failures) to develop a new therapy. The process is rigorous and conducted in multiple stages, beginning with lab and animal testing, followed by clinical trials in humans, regulatory review and, if a product is approved, postmarketing studies and surveillance.

Animal Testing

Once a potential drug has been identified, animal testing is usually the first step, typically in two or more species, since drug effects vary across species. Many of these studies are

ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) and toxicity studies. They document absorption of the drug, how the body breaks it down chemically, the toxicity and activity of the breakdown products (called metabolites), and the speed at which the drug and its metabolites are cleared from the body.

Scientists also use animal models of particular diseases to test for efficacy signals that can guide further refinement of a drug or clinical testing. Although animal efficacy results are important to drug development, they may be used for efficacy evidence in support of FDA approval for human use only for biodefense products. Biodefense products can be tested for safety in humans, but not for efficacy, because it would be unethical to expose volunteers to chemical warfare agents, anthrax and the like in order to test whether a medicine or vaccine works. Scientists hope someday to supplement or replace some animal testing with advanced technologies such as computer models of human biological pathways. But some animal testing is likely to remain necessary for maximizing safety before products are tested in humans.

Clinical Trials

A drug that passes animal safety studies may move into human testing following the submission of an investigational new drug (IND) application to the FDA. Most studies, or trials, of new products may begin 30 days after the agency receives the IND. Almost every new drug goes through multiple clinical trials, beginning with early studies (Phase I) in small groups of patients to test safety. Larger mid-stage trials (Phase II) examine safety and obtain preliminary efficacy data. The final stage of premarket testing (Phase III) seeks to gather convincing efficacy data in the specific patient population the drug’s developer hopes to treat.

The design, or protocol, of clinical trials varies tremendously, depending on the nature of the product, the patient population and efficacy of existing treatments. Some drugs, for very rare and devastating diseases, have been approved after studies in only a handful of patients; others, often products for milder conditions and/or for which therapies are already available, must be tested in thousands of patients to win approval. In many trials, one group of patients (or arm of the study) receives the drug being tested, while another group (the control group) receives a placebo that looks just like the drug and is administered the same way. Patients are randomized—that is, randomly assigned—to one or the other arm.

A trial in which the health care provider knows whether the patient is receiving the placebo or active drug, but the patient does not, is a single-blind trial. One in which neither the

patient nor the health care provider knows whether the drug or placebo is being administered is called double-blind. Especially for trials measuring efficacy, double-blinded, randomized trials are considered the gold standard.

Other key terms for clinical trials:

●● Investigators—the doctors or other health care professionals conducting a trial.

●● Institutional review boards—local oversight groups at hospitals, universities and other health care facilities who ensure trials are conducted ethically and as safely as possible.

●● Endpoints—a clinical trial’s outcome measures (such as tumor shrinkage, viral clearance, or survival).

●● Indication—the specific condition a drug aims to treat. An indication may be broad (for example, Type 2 diabetes) or it may be narrower (for example, insulin-dependent Type 2

diabetes).

Clinical trials must be sufficiently powered—that is, must enroll enough patients with appropriately selected endpoints—to deliver meaningful conclusions. Once data from a well-designed trial are recorded and analyzed, researchers convey how confident they are that their conclusions are meaningful through a statistic called the pvalue. This is a calculated measure of the likelihood that a trial’s conclusion resulted from chance. For example a p-value of 0.01 means there is only a one percent likelihood the outcome resulted from chance. For a clinical trial to be counted as a success, it must typically meet its endpoints with a p-value of 0.05 or less—meaning there is no more than a five percent probability the outcome resulted from chance.

Phase I

Usually, the first study a drug or biologic enters is a Phase I trial enrolling a small number (fewer than 100) of healthy volunteers to test safety and obtain data on dosing, metabolism and excretion. Some Phase I trials are conducted in patients with a condition the drug might someday treat. Interesting signs of efficacy may be noted at this stage, but have little or no statistical weight.

A new type of early human testing, called Phase 0, or microdosing, is popular with some who hope to lower preclinical development time and cost. Conducted under an exploratory

investigational new drug application, these tests may involve fewer than 10 patients who receive less than 1 percent of a standard drug dose. Using cutting-edge technologies such as accelerated mass spectrometry, Phase 0 studies seek to characterize drug metabolism and toxicity.

Phase II

In Phase II, testing expands to include (usually) 100 to 300 participants who have a disease or condition the product may treat. Additional safety data are gathered, along with evidence of efficacy. Researchers may conduct Phase II trials of a drug in several related conditions—for example, testing a cancer drug in a variety of cancers—in order to define the best patient population(s) for Phase III trials.

Phase III

Phase III brings one or more even larger trials (often about 1,000 to 5,000 patients) in the specific patient population for which the drug developer hopes to win FDA approval. Phase III trials test efficacy and monitor for side effects, and multiple Phase III trials in one or more indications may be conducted for a single product.

Approval Process

If a therapy succeeds in clinical trials, the next step is applying for approval with the FDA by filing either a new drug application (NDA) or biologics license application (BLA). These applications can run hundreds of thousands of pages and include details on the product’s structure, manufacturing, lab testing and clinical trials. As part of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), the FDA has a goal of acting on priority-review products (those addressing unmet medical needs) by six months after the application receipt. For a standard-review product, the agency’s goal is a 10-month review. The term PDUFA date is the date by which the FDA must act to meet this goal for a particular product. In weighing an NDA or BLA, particularly for a novel product, the FDA may seek the guidance of one of its independent advisory committees. Each committee has 10–15 members and includes experts and representatives of the public. The committees host public meetings, often attracting media coverage, at which the pros and cons of the products in question are presented and debated, culminating with a recommendation either for or against approval.

Advisory committee recommendations are non-binding, however. The final regulatory decision rests with the agency.

Post-Approval

Every approved drug comes with an official product label, in a standardized format, whose contents are developed by the FDA and the company marketing the drug. The label contents include the approved indication(s), as well as a description of the drug, its side effects, dosage, clinical trial summaries and other information useful to physicians. Although doctors may prescribe a therapy “off-label” for indications not expressly approved by the FDA, manufacturers are prohibited from marketing off-label indications, and insurance does not always cover such uses. Because clinical trials are not large enough to detect rare side effects, new drugs must be monitored once they enter the market. Drug makers are required by law to report adverse events to the FDA, and patients and physicians may also report problems to the agency through its MedWatch Web site (www.fda.gov/medwatch/).

To cast a wider net and pick up adverse events physicians and patients may not even realize are related to a drug, the Food & Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (FDAAA) mandates a private-public partnership to conduct active postmarket surveillance through the analysis of large patient databases (such as those maintained by major insurers and the Centers for Medicare and Medical Services).

Additionally, for some new drugs, the FDA and a company may create a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to ensure the drug’s benefits outweigh the risks. A Phase IV clinical trial may be designed to refine knowledge about the drug. Initial drug approvals usually cover only a single indication, often a narrow one. Although drugs may be prescribed off-label for other indications, companies often conduct additional Phase II and III trials to confirm the drug works in those indications. If successful, they submit the new data to the FDA for approval through a supplemental NDA or BLA. If approved, a new indication is added to the product label, allowing the company to market the drug for that indication.